tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19533123541142383402024-02-19T07:53:09.442-08:00My Little Strange World- Small Steps to Achieving BigManu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.comBlogger17125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-26525250558873803572013-11-26T08:52:00.001-08:002013-11-26T08:52:42.574-08:00Beautiful moments of College Life<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}">Dedicate to my MASUM V H Group....:) </span><br />
<span class="userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}">A must read.. <br /> kuch lines jo hm future me definately miss karenge ::<br /> <br /> *Coming colege....?*<br /> *Where r u....?*<br /> *Canteen chale....!*<br /> *Kitna hua....*<br /> *Yar Aaj alarm hi nai baja....*<br /> *ARE u ok....??*<br /> *Class attend karni h kya....?*<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> *Abe kitna padha ..*<br /> *Oye kisme se padhu yaar kuch samajh hi nhi aa rha..*<br /> *Imp. Ques. ho to snd krna....*<br /> *Tu Xerox krvale fir mujhe de dna....*<br /> *Hmesha me hi party du....?*<br /> *Sare pictures send kar....*<br /> *Jaldi bol yaar balnce kam h....*<br /> <br /> SABSE BEST **Yaar teri frnd se meri setting kara dena..:**<br /> <br /> Njoy dis moments b4 dey get over.<br /> send 2 ur best buddies.....,bcoz har ek frnd zaruri hota h Ye doston ki mehfil,<br /> Ye raat ko jagna,<br /> Gaali sunke hasna,<br /> Fir marke bhagna,<br /> Ek chocolate ko 10 tukdo me baantna,<br /> Ek ke kaam ke liye sabko jagana<br /> Aur har choti baat ke liye party mangna,<br /> Senti hoke dusro ka dimag chatna<br /> Aur agale pal senti hoke hasna,<br /> Ye sab ek din kho jaega.<br /> <br /> Send this to all your friends<br /> Even to those who are not in touch.<br /> Just tell them<br /> "YAAR TU SPECIAL HAI..."<br /> Ek pal k liye socho agr dost na hote toh<br /> hm kya kya na kr paate.....,<br /> Nursery me gumm hua bottle ka cap<br /> kaise dhundh paatey,<br /> . .<br /> LKG me A,B,C,D likh kr gurur kise<br /> batate,<br /> . .<br /> UKG me aakar hm kiski pencil uthate,<br /> . .<br /> 1st me button wala compass box kise<br /> dikhate,<br /> . .<br /> 2nd me girr jane par haath kiska paatey,<br /> . .<br /> 3rd me absent hone pr copy kiski laatey,<br /> . .<br /> 4th me lad jaane pr daant kaise khate,<br /> . .<br /> 5th me fir hm apna lunch kise<br /> chakhate,<br /> . .<br /> 6th me teacher ki pitaai pr hm kise<br /> chidhate,<br /> . .<br /> 7th me khel kud me hum kise haratey,<br /> . .<br /> 8th me best friend kehkr fm kise milate,<br /> . .<br /> 9th me 'Algebric Expression' hm kisse<br /> solve krvatey,<br /> . .<br /> 10th me hum 'Reprouction' padh kr kise<br /> dekh muskuratey,<br /> . .<br /> 11th me apni wali/apne wale ka subject<br /> kisse pata karatey,<br /> . .<br /> 12th me durr hokar aansu kiske<br /> kaandhe par giratey,<br /> . .<br /> Fir bahar ki iss duniya me hm kaise<br /> kadam uthatey,<br /> . .<br /> "Yhi toh pyr h" aise words kaha se<br /> aatey,<br /> . .<br /> Mobile no. se lekar uske bhai kitne h<br /> kaise jaan patey,<br /> . .<br /> Mummy,papa,di or bhaiya ki kami kaise<br /> seh patey,<br /> . .<br /> Har roz copy pen bhool kr college kaise<br /> jaatey,<br /> . .<br /> "Arey batana" exam mein aisi awaz kise<br /> lagatey,<br /> .<br /> Birthday pr cake kya hm khud hi apne<br /> chehre pa lagate,<br /> . .<br /> Bematlab ki baaton pr hm kis pr<br /> chillatey,<br /> . .<br /> Degree milne ki khushi hm kisse jatate,<br /> . .<br /> Aisi hi anginat yaadon ko hum kaise jod<br /> paatey,<br /> . .<br /> Shayad bina doston k hum saans toh<br /> lete par zindagi na jee patey.......LOVE UH FRENZZ...</span></span><br />
<span class="userContent" data-ft="{"tn":"K"}"><span class="text_exposed_show">MASUM V H.... </span></span></div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-64830199433927020962013-02-07T09:18:00.001-08:002013-02-07T09:18:23.042-08:00Little Journey with Friends unforgetable momentPi<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Today Shobhit Dubey, Anish Singh, Uma Yadav & me go to the WORLD BOOK FAIR 2013 in Pragati Maidan with three of my classmates and more then the word of Friend (I simply call them GOD Gifts). After the viewing of some books we all are exit from the Pragati Maidan and makes a new plan to go at that place which is nearest to the Pragati Maidan then Shobhit dubey smiled and said that about going at INDIA GATE further we move and reached the INDIA GATE,New Delhi. And enjoy the time by clicking and capturing the pics of each other. Shobhit played chor police game which makes me laugh out loud, that was fantastic time. We do some Gupshup and hasi-majaak as usually.</span></span><br />
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<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Or after that we go ahead to the Red fort (Lal Quila) and enjoying the moments by travelling paidal paidal at KASTURBA GANDHI MARG and then to the DTC bus stop and getting 502. This bus leave us at RED FORT then the final fun time are starting at here. We but four tickets from here. And Journey was started. Entry start from Lahore Gate first time i was here indoor in the RED FORT. I was very admirable because i come many times at that place but i cannot enter at the Red fort but after viewing it i was inspired and excited my mood is so upset from the morning but as usually i make it good coz my rule says EVERYTHING FOR A GOOD FRIEND but ye to GOD GIFTS hai naa to inke liye to khush hona banta hai Boss.</span></span><br />
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">I captured the pics of entire glory inside the fort and mera mann tha ki aaj photo naa khichau....But something happen like that ki we captured more pics of each other at RED Fort. Kuch Khatte kuch meethe pal ki tarah sab ho raha tha...Kyunki Lag raha tha Shobhit dubey having some other reason his style attitude looks different he is not sad but i think something will happening in his mind. But he is happy so me happy. I think that ki i will try to make happy my all friends. and ulta they are trying to make happy. wah ji kya life hai....Ese karte karte hee time is going on...and finally we come from that place at 6 PM. Nice moments for me these are. Bole to MAZAA AA GYA YAAR.....</span></span><br />
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption"> </span></span><br />
<span class="fbPhotosPhotoCaption" data-ft="{"type":45}" id="fbPhotoSnowliftCaption" tabindex="0"><span class="hasCaption">Kitni Duur Nikal Gaye Rishte Nibhaate Nibhaate... <br /> Khud Ko Kho Diya Humne Apno Ko Pate Pate...<br /> Log samajhte hain ke bedard hain hum...<br /> Aur Hum Thak Gaye Muskurate Muskurate...:)</span></span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iqv8Op4LOqtoMDbxXWRvVNFvNJH2eoKfJQNkls0SBO6MFpxOWR56zHQJHoVT4QE5GLQNslxVUwhIAKAEdEmlUz_JE6Cuni8sTDJhF4_gZqPrHuiSr7EZe-4L_bNwj10ib8PQq_yeKTKM/s1600/manu+kaushik.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0iqv8Op4LOqtoMDbxXWRvVNFvNJH2eoKfJQNkls0SBO6MFpxOWR56zHQJHoVT4QE5GLQNslxVUwhIAKAEdEmlUz_JE6Cuni8sTDJhF4_gZqPrHuiSr7EZe-4L_bNwj10ib8PQq_yeKTKM/s320/manu+kaushik.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pic captured by U.Yadav and publish by Dubey on Facebook</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-34325682819645363252013-01-10T04:46:00.002-08:002013-01-10T04:46:38.947-08:00A Project Report On P.L.C (Programmable Logic Controller)<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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A Project Report On P.L.C (Programable Logic Controller)<span style="background-image: none; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; padding-left: 6px;"><img alt="This is a featured page" class="WPC-tool" id="WPC-featuredPageImage" src="http://static.wetpaint.com/img/bg/1.png?v=20111214172750" style="background-image: url(http://static.wetpaint.com/img/sprite/tools.png?v=rel-55-44-0); background-position: 0px -300px; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; border: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 18px;" title="This is a featured page" /></span></h1>
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<b>INDEX</b><br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Introduction<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">What is PLC?</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Why use PLC?</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">applications of PLC</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Plc components<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overview</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Specifications of the PLC</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Micrologix 1500 system</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">RSLogix 500</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ladder logic fundamentals</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Programming language of PLC</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Electrical ladder diagram</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;"><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ladder logic instructions</li>
</ol>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Variable voltage variable frequency drive</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Introduction</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Advantages of using VVVF drive</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Details of VVVF drive</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">PROGRAM MODE</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Process automation<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Introduction</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Description of model</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Motion Control using PLC</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Temperature measurement</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Speed Control of Motor using VVVF Drive</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Conveyor System</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Entrepreneurship</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bibliography</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Appendix a</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Appendix b</li>
</ol>
<br /><br /><br /><b>1. INTRODUCTION</b><br /><b>1.1 WHAT IS PLC?</b><br />A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an electronic device that controls machines and processes. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and execute specific functions that include ON/OFF control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic and data handling.<br />PLCs development began in 1968 in response to the request from hydromantic division of general motors. At the time, gm frequently spent days or weeks replacing inflexible relay-based control systems whenever it changed car models or made line modifications. To reduce the high cost of rewiring, gm’s control specifications called for a solid state system that had the flexibility of a computer yet could be programmed and maintained by plant engineers and technicians. It also had to withstand the dirty air, vibration, electrical noise, humidity and temperature extremes found in the industrial environment.<br />The first PLCs were installed in 1969 and quickly became a success. Functioning as relay replacements; even the early PLCs were more reliable than relay-based systems, largely due to the ruggedness of their solid-state components compared with the moving parts in electrochemical relays. PLCs provided material, installation; troubleshooting and labour cost savings by reducing wiring and associated wiring errors. They took up less space than the counters, timers and other control components they replaced. And their ability to be reprogrammed dramatically increased flexibility when changing control schemes.<br />Perhaps the biggest key to industry’s acceptance of the PLCs was based on the ladder diagrams and electrical symbols commonly used by electricians. Most plant personnel were already trained in ladder logic, and they easily adopted it for PLCs. In fact, ladder logic still plays an integral role in programming and troubleshooting; even though more “advanced†programming languages have been developed.<br /><b>1.2 WHY USE PLCs?</b><br />During the 1970s and early ‘80s, many engineers, manufacturing managers and control system designers spent considerable time debating this issue, trying to evaluate cost effectiveness.<br />Today, one generally accepted rule is that PLCs become economically viable in control system that requires three to four or more relays. Given that micro PLCs cost only a few hundred dollars, coupled with the emphasis manufacturers place on productivity and quality, the cost debate becomes also immaterial. In addition of cost savings, PLCs provide many value added benefits:<br /><b>1.2.1 RELIABILITY</b><br />Once a program has been written and debugged. It can be easily transferred and download to other PLCs. This reduces programming time, minimizes debugging, and increases reliability. With all the logic existing in the PLCs memory, there is no chance of making a logic wiring error. The only wiring required is for power and inputs and outputs.<br /><b>1.2.2 FLEXIBILITY</b><br />Program modifications can be made with just a few key strokes. Advanced functions PLCs can perform a wide variety of control tasks, from a single, repetitive action to complex data manipulation. Standardizing on PLCs opens many doors for designers, and simplifies the job for maintenance department personnel.<br /><b>1.2.3 COMMUNICATIONS</b><br />Communicating with operator interfaces, other PLCs or computers facilities data collection and information exchange.<br /><b>1.2.4 SPEED</b><br />Some automated machines process thousands of items per minute and objects spend only a fraction of a second in front of a sensor, hence many automation applications require the PLCs quick response capability.<br /><b>1.2.5 DIAGNOSTICS</b><br />The troubleshooting capability of programming devices and the diagnostics resident in the PLCs allow users to easily trace and correct software and hardware problems.<br /><b>1.3 APPLICATIONS OF PLC</b><br />No matter what the application, the use of PLCs helps increase competitiveness. Process using PLCs include: packaging, bottling and canning, material handling, machining, power generation building control systems, automated assembly, paint lines, and water treatment. PLCs are applied in variety of industries including food and beverages, automotive, chemical, plastics, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals and metals. Virtually any application that requires electrical control can use PLCs.<br /><br /><br /><b>2. PLC COMPONENTS</b><br /><b>2.1 OVERVIEW</b><br />The main components of PLCs are as follows:<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Inputs</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Outputs</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CPU</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Memory for program and data storage</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Programming device</li>
</ol>
Central<br />Processing<br />Unit<br />Programming / Communication Device<br />Memory<br />Program Data<br />Power Supply<br />Output Circuits<br />CR<br />Input Circuits<br />Optical Isolation<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Operator interfaces</li>
</ol>
<b>2.1.1 INPUTS</b><br />The input screw terminals on a PLC from the interface by which field devices are connected to the PLC. Inputs include the items such as tool buttons, thumbwheels, limit switches, selector switches, proximity sensors and photoelectric sensors. These are all discrete devices that provide an ON/OFF status to the PLC. While larger PLCs can directly accept analog values (variable voltage or current signals). Such as from temperature or pressure sensors, micro PLCs do not typically possess this capability.<br />The electrical signals that field devices send to the PLC are typically unfiltered 120v a.c. or 24v D.C. The inputs circuitry on PLC takes this field voltage and “conditionsâ€. It too is usable by the PLC. Conditioning is necessary because the internal components of PLC operate on 5v D.C. and this minimizes the possibility if damage by shielding them from voltage spikes. To electrically isolate internal components from the input terminals, PLCs employ an optical isolator, which uses light to couple signals from one electrical device to another.<br /><b>2.1.2 OUTPUTS</b><br />Connectors tot the o/p terminals of the PLC are devices such as solenoids, relays, contractors, motor starters, indicator lights, valve and alarms. Output circuits operate in a manner similar to i/p circuits: signals from the CPU pass through an isolation barrier before energizing o/p circuits.<br />PLC use a variety of o/p circuits to energies their o/p terminals: relays, transistors and triac.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Relays are for either ac or dc power. Traditional PLC, electromagnetic relay typically handle current up to a few amps. Relays can better withstand voltage spikes, and they have an air gap between their contacts, which eliminates the possibility of current leakage. However they are comparatively slow and subject to wear overtime.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Transistors switch dc power are silent and have no moving parts to wear out transistors are fast and can reduce response time, but only carry loads of 0.5amps or less. Special types of transistors, such as FET (field effect transistors) can handle more power, typically up to 1amp.</li>
</ul>
Triac strictly switch ac power. Like transistors triac o/p are silent, have no moving parts to wear, are fast and carry loads of 0.5 amps or less.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>USING INPUT AND OUTPUT</b></li>
</ul>
This section discusses the various aspects of input and output features of the micrologix 1500 controller. the controller comes with a certain amount of embedded I/O, which is physically located on the base unit. The controller also allows for adding expansion I/O. This section discusses the following I/O functions:<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Embedded I/O</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">I/O configuration</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Expansion I/O</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>EMBEDDED I/O</b></li>
</ul>
All embedded I/O is automatically configured to factory default settings and does not require setup. If you need to change the input filters for any DC input controller (1764-24BWA, 1764-28BXB), open RS Logix 1500.<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Open the controller folder.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Open the I/O configuration folder</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Open slot (MICROLOGIX 1500)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Select the I/O configuration tab.</li>
</ol>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">You can change the filter settings for any of the input groups and configure the latching inputs from the screen.</li>
</ol>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>I/O CONFIGURATION</b></li>
</ul>
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">CONTOLLER</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="39%">INPUT</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="40%">OUTPUT</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="18%">QUANTITY</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="21%">TYPE</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">QUANTITY</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">TYPE</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">1764-24BWA</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="18%">12</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="21%">24V DC</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">12</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">RELAY</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">1764-24AWA</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="18%">12</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="21%">120 V AC</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">12</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">RELAY</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">1764-28BXB</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="18%">16</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="21%">24V DC</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">12</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="20%">6 RELAY,6FET</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
DC embedded I/O can be configured for a number of special function that can be used in your application these are selectable I/N filters, high speed counting, event interrupts, latching I/N and high speed O/P.<br /><h2 style="clear: both; color: #666666; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
</h2>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>EXPANSION I/O</b></li>
</ul>
If the application requires more I/O then the controller provides, the user can attach up to eight additional I/O modules. Compact I/O is used to provide discrete inputs and outputs and in the future specialty modules. The number of compact I/O that can be attached to the MICROLOGIX 1500 is dependent on the amount of current required by the I/O modules.<br /><b>2.1.3 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT- CPU</b><br />The CPU made up of a microprocessor and a memory system, forms the primary component of the PLC. The CPU reads the inputs, executes logics as dictated by the application program, performs calculations and controls the output.<br />PLC users works with two areas of the CPU: program files and data files. Program files stores the user application program, subordinate files and the error files. Data files store data associated with the program such as input, counter/timer preset and accumulates the valves. Together, these two areas are called application memo0ry or user memory.<br />Also the CPU carries an executing program or a system memory that directs and performs ‘operation’ activities such as executing the user program and co-ordination scans and output updates. The user cannot access system memory, which is programmed by the manufacturer.<b>2.1. 4 DATA, MEMORY AND ADDRESSING</b> Memory is a physical space, data is and information stored in that space. The CPU operates just like a computer; it manipulates data using binary digits, or bits. Thus the data is a patter of electrical charges that represents the numerical values. CPU processes the stored data in 16 bit groups also known as ‘words’.<br />Each word of data has a specific physical location in the CPU called an address or a register. When assigned address to input in a program, note that address is related to the terminal where input and output are connected.<br /><b>2.1.5 PROGRAMMING DEVICE OPERATING CYCLE</b><br />Component of the PLC system, come into play during the operating cycle, which consist of series of operation performed sequentially and repeatedly.<br />Major elements of operating cycle are:<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>INPUT SCAN</b></li>
</ul>
During the input scan, the PLC examine the external input devices for a voltage present or absent i.e. an OFF or ON condition. The status of input is temporarily stored in an input image memory file.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>PROGRAM SCAN</b></li>
</ul>
During the program scan PLC scans the instructions in the ladder logic program. The resultant status of the output is written to the ‘output image memory file’.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>OUTPUT SCAN</b></li>
</ul>
It is based on the data in the output image file. The PLC energizes or de-energizes its output circuits, controlling external devices.<br /><h2 style="clear: both; color: #666666; font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.4em 0px 0.2em; padding: 0px; position: relative;">
<b>2.1.6 OPERATOR INTERFACES</b></h2>
In order to convey information about machine status the front panel of a micro PLC has a series of indicator lights. For example, power, run, faults etc. To communicate with PLC i.e. is to enter data or monitor and control machine status. The new generation of electronic operator interfaces devices is used now a day. These are not programming devices but graphic or alphanumeric displays and control panel. These interfaces can output data and display messages about machine status in descriptive text. They can also be used for data input. These interfaces decrease need for operator training on machine operation and reduce system component and installation cost. These products communicate with the PLC through an RS 232 communication port.<b>2.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF THE PLC</b> <b>2.2.1 MICROLOGIX 1500 1764-24BWA</b><a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; position: relative; width: 616px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Description</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="61%">1764-BWA</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Number of I/O</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">12 Inputs; 12 Outputs</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Line Power</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">85 to 265V a.c.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Power supply inrush</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">120V ac= 25A for 8 ms; 240V ac= 40A for 4 ms</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">User power output</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">24V dc at 400 mA, 400 micro fared max.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Input circuit type</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">24V dc, sink/source</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Output circuit type</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Relay</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Operating Temperature</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">+0 degree cent. to +55 degree cent.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Storage Temperature</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">-40 degree cent. to +85 degree cent.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b>2.2.2 ANALOG INPUT MODULE (1769-IF4)</b><a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; position: relative; width: 616px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Analog normal operating ranges</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="61%">Voltage: +/-10Vd.c, 0to 10V d.c, 0to5V d.c, 1 to 5 V d.c. Current: 0to20mA, 4to 20mA</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Number of inputs</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">4 Differential or single ended</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Rated working voltage</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">50V a.c. / 50Vd.c</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Common mode voltage range</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">+/- 10V max. per channel</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Input impedance</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Voltage terminal: 220killo-ohm (typical) Current terminal 250 ohm</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b>2.2.3 ANALOG OUTPUT MODULE (1769-OF2)</b><a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; position: relative; width: 616px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="49%">Number of outputs</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%">To single ended</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Maximum inductive load (current outputs)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">0.1Mh</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Maximum capacitive load (voltage outputs)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1micro -farad</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>DIGITAL INPUT MODULE-1769-IQ16</b></li>
</ol>
<a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; position: relative; width: 615px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="49%">Voltage category</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%">24Vd.c (sink/source)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Operating voltage range</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">10to30Vd.c at 30 deg. Cent. 10 to 26.4Vd.c at 60 deg. Cent.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Off state voltage (Max.)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">5Vd.c</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Number of inputs</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">16</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Off state current max.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1.5mA</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">On state voltage min.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">10Vd.c</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">On state current min.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">2.0mA</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Nominal impedance</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">3killo-ohm</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b>2.2.5 DIGITAL OUTPUT MODULE (1769-OW8)</b><a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; position: relative; width: 616px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="49%">Voltage category</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%">A.C/D.C normally open relay</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Operating voltage range</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">5 to 265V a.c. and 5 to 125V d.c.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Number of outputs</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">8</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Off state leakage max.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">0 mA</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">On state current min.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">10mA at 5Vd.c</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Continuous current per common (max.)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">8Amp</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Continuous current per module (max)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">16Amp</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<b>2.3 MICROLOGIX 1500 SYSTEM </b>The PLC used in our lab is purchased by Allen-BradelTM. The name of the product is MicroLogix 1500. Allen-Bradley TM also provides the software by which one can interact with the PLC the name of software is RS Logix 500. This software is installed on the computer by which PLC is connected through series port (RS.2).the information about the Software and PLC available on the website of the Allen-BradelTM is as follows:<br />In a perfect world you would always know what's behind the next door. In the world of automation, the MicroLogix 1500 controller can help you open up new possibilities and get you to where you want to go with ease.<br />This dynamic controller is a more powerful and expandable addition to the MicroLogix family:<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Application flexibility and versatility with Compact I/O means a small footprint and expansion to over 100 I/O points.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Large onboard non-volatile memory</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Real Time Clock (RTC) capabilities allow time scheduling of control</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Program portability allows user programs to be uploaded, downloaded and transported via Memory Modules</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Built in PID capabilities</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Data Access Tool for data monitoring and adjustment</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Eight Latching (pulse catch) inputs</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Four event interrupts</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Performance</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Approximate scan time for a typical 1K user program (includes timers, counters, etc.): 1 millisecond</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Simple bit instruction execution: 0.7 microseconds</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2 millisecond selectable timed interrupt (STI)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1 millisecond timers</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Two 20 kHz high-speed counters each with eight modes of operation (up, down, up/down, quadrature, etc.)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Two 20 kHz high-speed outputs (PTO or PWM with acceleration/deceleration profiles)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rugged tongue-and-groove package design, to provide strength and system reliability</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">May be expanded to include up to 16 Compact I/O modules<br />Base Units continue to support up to eight modules (within the power budget of the base unit) with additional expansion through expansion cables and a number of expansion power supplies.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Optional Features</li>
</ul>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Data Access Tool (DAT) plug-in device</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Memory Module</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Real Time Clock (RTC) Module</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Combination Memory & RTC Module</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Expansion I/O modules for discrete and analog applications with a comprehensive selection of electrical configurations</li>
</ul>
<b>2.4 RSLogix 500</b> <a href=""></a>The RSLogix™ family of ladder logic programming packages helps you maximize performance, save project development time, and improve productivity. This family of products has been developed to operate on Microsoft’s Windows® operating systems. Supporting the Allen-Bradley SLC 500™ and MicroLogix™ families of processors, RSLogix 500™ was the first PLC® programming software to offer unbeatable productivity with an industry-leading user interface. RSLogix 5™ supports the Allen- Bradley PLC-5® family of programmable controllers. RSLogix 5000™ provides support for the Logix5000’s Highly Integrated Motion functionality. RSLogix offers reliable communications, powerful functionality, and superior diagnostics.<br />These RSLogix products share:<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Flexible, easy-to-use editors</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Common look-and-feel</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Diagnostics and troubleshooting tools</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Powerful, time-saving features and functionality</li>
</ul>
RSLogix programming packages are compatible with programs created with Rockwell Software’s DOS based programming packages for the PLC-5 or SLC 500 and MicroLogix families of processors, making program maintenance across hardware platforms convenient and easy.<br /><b>INTEROPERABILITY </b><br /><a href=""></a>Rockwell Software provides you with the most powerful and completes programming products available today in the RSLogix family. The interoperability between RSLogix and Rockwell Software’s HMI package, RSView32™, and communication package, RSLinx™, positions RSLogix as the ultimate programming solution. With the Rockwell Software family of products, you have the ability to share your database with RSView32. You can create schematic drawings of your system directly from your RSLogix project using RSWire™, automatically tune PID loops with RSTune™, trend critical application parameters with RSTrend™, or test and debug your ladder logic programs using RSLogix Emulate 5™ or RSLogix Emulate 500™.<br /><br /><br /><b>3. LADDER LOGIC FUNDAMENTALS</b><b>3.1 Programming Language of PLC</b> A program is a user developed series of instructions or commands that direct the PLC to execute actions. A programming language provides rules for combining the instructions so that they produce the desired actions.<br />The most commonly used language for programming PLCs is ladder logic. In fact, more PLC programs are written in ladder logic than any other language. The ladder logic programming language is an adaptation of an electrical relay wiring diagram, also known as a ladder diagram. Because ladder logic is a graphical system of symbols and terms even those not familiar with electrical relay wiring diagrams can easily learn it.<br />Other control languages occasionally used to program PLCs include BASIC, C and Boolean. These computer languages facilities programs that require complex instructions and calculations too cumbersome to implement with a ladder logic program. However, micro PLCs that can be programmed with BASIC and C are not widely available.<br />The instructions used to program most micro PLCs are based on a combination of Boolean, ladder logic and mnemonic expressions. A mnemonic expression is a simple and easy to remember term which represents a complex or lengthy instruction. For example, “TON†stands for “timer on.†Different PLCs use slightly different instructions, and these can be found by consulting the user’s manual.<b>3.2 Electrical Ladder Diagrams</b> Ladder logic programs evolved from electrical ladders diagrams, which represent how electrical current flows through devices to complete an electric circuit. These diagrams show the interconnection between electrical devices in an easy-to-read graphical format that guides the electrician when wiring.<br />An electrical diagram consists of two vertical bus lines, or power lines, with current flowing from the left bus to the right bus. Each electrical circuit in the diagram is considered a rung. Every rung has two key components: it contains at least one device that is controlled, and it contains the condition(s) that control the device, such as power from the bus or a contact from a field device.<br />A rung is said to have electrical continuity when current flows uninterrupted from left to right across the rung (i.e. all contacts are closed). If continuity exists, then the circuit is complete and the device controlled by the rung turns on. If continuity does not exist, the device stays off.<br />A PLC ladder logic program closely resembles an electrical ladder diagram. On an electrical diagram, the symbols represent real world devices and how they are wired. A PLC program uses similar symbols, but they represent ladder logic instructions for the application. A ladder logic program exists only in the PLC’s software- it is not the actual power bus or the flow of current through circuits. Another difference is that in an electrical diagram. Devices are described as being open or closed (Off or on). In a ladder logic program, instructions are either True or False (however, the terms are often used interchangeably).<br />Each rung in a ladder logic program must contain at least one control instruction (output) and usually contains one or more condition instructions (inputs). Condition instructions are programmed to the left of the control instruction. Examples of condition instructions include signals from connected input devices, contacts associated with outputs, and signals from timers and counters.<br />Auxiliary holding contact<br />M1<br />Rung<br />PB1stop<br />PB2start<br />Motor<br />L1<br />L2<br />Programmed on the right side of the rung, a control instruction is the operation or function that is activated/de-activated by the logic of the rung. Examples of control instructions include output energize (turn on the PLC’s output circuitry to activate a field device) and instructions internal to the PLC, such as bit commands, timers, counters and math commands.<br />The control instructions are energized or de-energized based on the status of the condition instructions in the rung. The PLC does this by examining a rung for logical continuity (i.e. all condition instructions are evaluated as True). If logical continuity exists, the PLC energizes the control instruction. If logical continuity does not exist, then the PLC maintains the control<br />pb1stop<br />pb2start<br />Auxiliary holding contact<br />m11<br />motor<br />L1<br />L1<br />R<br />u<br />n<br />g<br />Electrical continuity<br /><b>3.3 LADDER LOGIC INSTRUCTIONS</b><br />The most frequently used instructions in a PLC ladder logic program are normally open instruction, normally closed instruction, output energize instruction, these instructions are represented as symbols placed on the rungs of the program.<br /><b>3.3.1 NORMALLY OPEN INSTRUCTION</b><br />A normally open instructions examines a PLC memory location for an ON condition (i.e., it checks to se if the bit element at the instruction’s address is ON.<br />For example, a NO push button (pb1) is wired to input terminal I/3 is scanned, that instruction is seen as true and the PLC energizes output O/4 during its output scan.<br />When PB1 is released, the OFF status is written to address I/3, the no instruction is now false and the rung lacks logically continuity. During the PLCs output scan, O/4 will be de-energized.<br />Input terminal on plc I/3<br />I/3<br />True<br />Output terminal on plc<br />Status of output ON<br />Normally open instruction<br />Output terminal on plc<br />Status of output ON<br />I/3<br />O/4<br />True<br />False<br />False<br />Normally open instruction<br />Input device<br />Input terminal on plc<br />O/4<br /><b>3.3.2 NORMALLY CLOSED INSTRUCTION:</b><br />A normally closed instruction examines the PLC memory for an OFF condition (i.e., it checks to se if the bit element at the instruction’s address is OFF or 0). If the PLC detects an OFF condition, the instruction is true and has logical continuity.<br />For example, a NO pushbutton (PB1) is wired to input terminal I/4 is programmed as a D.C. instruction.<br />When PB1 is not pressed (OFF) that OFF status is written to input image memory location I/O during the PLCs input scan. When the rung containing the D.C. instruction with address I/O is scanned, that instruction is seen as true (not ON) and the PLC energizes output O/5 during the output scan.<br />When PB1 is pressed, the ON status is written to address I/4 the D.C. instruction is now false and the rung lacks logical continuity. During the PLCs output scan, output O/5 will be de-energized.<br />Output terminal on plc<br />True<br />True<br />Normally closed instruction<br />Input terminal on plc I/3<br />Normally closed instruction<br />Input terminal on plc I/3<br />I/3<br />O/4<br />Output terminal on plc<br />False<br />False<br />I/3<br />O/4<br /><b>3.3.3 OUTPUT ENERGIZE INSTRUCTION </b><br />Controlled by the condition instructions that precede it on a rung, the output energize instruction (OTE) turns on a bit element in the output image file when rung conditions are true. Output energize is the ladder logic equivalent of a relay coil on an electrical diagram.<br />When logical continuity exists on a rung, the on condition (binary 1) is written to the location in memory associated with the output energize instruction. If the address is that of an external output device, the PLC energizes the output during the output scan. When the rung is False, the PLC de-energizes the output. The output energizes instruction controls real world devices (solenoid valves, motors, lights, etc.) or internal bit elements.<br />Higher Level Instructions<br />While relay logic is suitable for simple On/Off sensing and control, many applications require more powerful instructions. To allow this, enhanced ladder language commands have been developed. These instructions deal with numerical data beyond simple 1s or 0s by manipulating data in bytes or words. Examples of higher level instructions include counters, timers, sequencers, math, comparison and other operations that N.O., N.C., and OTE instructions cannot perform.<br />To keep the implementation of these operations simple, higher-level instructions are usually represented in ladder logic programming as function blocks. Function blocks are literally programmed as blocks on the rung of a ladder program. Depending on their operation, higher level instructions can be either condition instructions (e.g. comparison instructions) or control instructions (e.g. timer or counter instructions).<br /><b>3.3.4 COMBINING INSTRUCTIONS</b><br />Two fundamental logic operations- AND and OR- provide the rules for governing how instructions are combined.<br /><b><u>AND Logic</u></b><br />Condition instructions programmed in series are the ladder diagram equivalent of AND logic. For example, picture a metal stamping operation where the machine activates only if the operator simultaneously pushes both a left-hand start button (X) AND a right hand start button (Y).<br />The output of an AND equation will be True only if all conditions in series are True. If any condition is False, then the rung does not have logical continuity and the output will be off.<br /><b><u>OR Logic</u></b><br />Condition instructions programmed in parallel are the ladder diagram equivalent of the OR operation. For example, imagine a conveyor that has two run switches, one located at each end. The conveyor could be configured to start if an operator pressed a start button at one end (X) OR the other (Y)<br />The output of an OR equation will be True if any condition in parallel is True. If all conditions are False, then the rung does not have logical continuity and the output will be False.<br /><u>Branch Operations</u><br />The function of a branch is to allow both condition and control instructions to be programmed in parallel in a single rung.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Condition instructions programmed in parallel are the equivalent of an OR operation.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Control instructions programmed in parallel are the equivalent of an</li>
</ul>
<b>3.3.5 PROGRAM EXECUTION</b> Before reading how the PLC executes a ladder logic program, re-reading, “Operating Cycle†may be helpful.<br />The PLC solves each rung sequentially from top to bottom of the program. Even if the output of the current rung (e.g., rung 5) affects a previous rung (e.g., rung 2), the PLC does not go back to solve the earlier rung until the next program scan. For the output of one rung to affect an instruction in another rung in the same scan, it must have a lower rung number than the rung it is to affect. That is, the controlling rung must be programmed before the controlled rung.<br />While rungs are often ordered to show a sequence of events- the top –most rung is the first event and so on- this is done purely for organizational convenience. In both electrical diagrams and ladder logic programs, rung order does not necessarily dictate the sequence of operation. Remember, the status of the condition instructions of each rung dictates the sequence in which outputs are controlled. <b>3.3.5 INSTRUCTION SET</b> PLC has a very big instruction set which is similar to microprocessor’s instruction set we have studied in 8085.<br />Categorized Instructions are as follows:<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Compare Instructions</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Math Instructions</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Relay Type Instructions</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Timer and Counter Instructions</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sequence Instructions</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">PID Control</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bit Shift FIFO and LIFO Instructions</li>
</ol>
<b>Different types of instruction used in PLC which empowers it are as follows: </b><br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>XIO (“Examine if closed†or “Normally openedâ€)</b></li>
</ul>
This instruction (also called "examine on" or "normally opened") functions as an input or storage bit.<br />If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction will allow rung continuity and outputs will be energized.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>XIO (“Examine if Open†or “Normally closedâ€)</b></li>
</ul>
This instruction (also called "examine off" or "normally closed") functions as an input or storage bit.<br />If the corresponding memory bit is a "1" (on), this instruction will not allow rung continuity and outputs on its rung will be de-energized (Note other factors may affect rung continuity).<br />If the corresponding memory bit is a "0" (off), this instruction will assume its normal status and allow rung continuity and outputs on the rung will be energized (Again, other factors can influence rung continuity).<br />If used as an input bit, its status should correspond to the status of real world input devices tied to the input image table by the identical addresses.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>OTE [Output Energize]</b></li>
</ul>
This instruction sets the specified bit when rung continuity is achieved (rung goes true). Under normal operating conditions, if the set bit corresponds to an output device, the output device will be energized when the rung goes true.<br />If you are using a 5/02, 5/03, 5/04, 5/05 or MicroLogix processor, you can use indexed addresses. If you are using a 5/03 OS302, a 5/04 OS401, or a 5/05 processor, you can use indirect addresses.<br />Output addresses are specified to the bit level.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>TON [Timer On-Delay]</b></li>
</ul>
Use the TON instruction to turn an output on or off after the timer has been on for a preset time interval. This output instruction begins timing (at either one second or one hundredth of a second intervals) when its rung goes "true." It waits the specified amount of time (as set in the PRESET), keeps track of the accumulated intervals which have occurred (ACCUM), and sets the DN (done) bit when the ACCUM (accumulated) time equals the PRESET time.<br />As long as rung conditions remain true, the timer adjusts its accumulated value (ACC) each evaluation until it reaches the preset value (PRE). The accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go false, regardless of whether the timer has timed out.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>TOF [Timer Off Delay]</b></li>
</ul>
Use the TOF instruction to turn an output on or off after its rung has been off for a preset time interval. This output instruction begins timing (at either one second or one hundredth of a second intervals) when its rung goes "false." It waits the specified amount of time (as set in the PRESET), keeps track of the accumulated intervals which have occurred (ACCUM), and resets the DN (done) bit when the ACCUM (accumulated) time equals the PRESET time.<br />The Accumulated value is reset when rung conditions go true regardless of whether the timer has timed out.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>RTO [Retentive Timer On-Delay]</b></li>
</ul>
An RTO function the same as a TON with the exception that once it has begun timing, it holds its count of time even if the rung goes false, a fault occurs, the mode changes from REM Run or REM Test to REM Program, or power is lost. When rung continuity returns (rung goes true again), the RTO begins timing from the accumulated time which was held when rung continuity was lost. By retaining its accumulated value, retentive timers measure the cumulative period during which rung conditions are true.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>EQU [Equal]</b></li>
</ul>
This input instruction is true when Source A = Source B.<br />The EQU instruction compares two user specified values. If the values are equal, it allows rung continuity. The rung goes true and the output is energized (provided no other forces affect the rung's status).<br />Entering Parameters<br />Source A must be a word address.<br />Source B can be a word address or program constant.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>NEQ [Not Equal]</b></li>
</ul>
Use the NEQ instruction to test whether two values are not equal. If Source A and Source B are not equal, the instruction is logically true. If the two values are equal, the instruction is logically false.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>LES [Less Than]</b></li>
</ul>
This conditional input instruction tests whether one value (Source A) is less than another (Source B). If the value at Source A is less than the value at Source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at Source A is greater than or equal to the value at Source B, the instruction is logically false.<br />Entering Parameters<br />Enter a word address for Source A. Enter a constant or a word address for Source B. Signed integers are stored in two’s complement form.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>LEQ [Less Than or Equal]</b></li>
</ul>
This conditional input instruction tests whether one value (source A) is less than or equal to another (source B). If the value at source A is less than or equal to the value at source B, the instruction is logically true. If the value at source A is greater than the value at source B, the instruction is logically false.<br /><br />Entering Parameters<br />Enter a word address for source A. Enter a constant or a word address for source B. Signed integers are stored in two’s complement form.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>GRT [Greater Than]</b></li>
</ul>
This input instruction compares two user specified values. If the value stored in Source A is greater than the value stored in Source B, it allows rung continuity. The rung will go "true" and the output will be energized (provided no other instructions affect the rung's status). If the value at Source A is less than or equal to the value at Source B, the instruction is logically false.<br />Entering Parameters<br />You must enter a word address for Source A. You can enter a program constant or a word address for Source B. Signed integers are stored in two’s complementary form.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>GEQ [Greater Than or Equal To]</b></li>
</ul>
This input instruction compares two user specified values. If the value stored in Source A is greater than or equal to the value stored in Source B, it allows rung continuity. The rung will go true and the output will be energized (provided no other instructions affect the rung's status). If the value at Source A is less than the value at Source B, the instruction is logically false.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>OR [Inclusive OR Operation]</b></li>
</ul>
When rung conditions are true, Sources A and B of the OR instruction are OR bit by bit and stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses or constants; however, both sources cannot be a constant. You can enter a constant or a word address for either Source parameter. The destination must be a word address.<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>NOT [Logical Not Operation]</b></li>
</ul>
When rung conditions are true, the source of the NOT instruction is NOT bit by bit and stored in the destination.<br />The source and destination must be word addresses.<br />If you are using a 5/02, 5/03, 5/04, 5/05 or MicroLogix processor, you can use indexed addresses for the source or destination parameters. If you are using a 5/03 OS302, a 5/04 OS401, or a 5/05 processor, you can use indirect addresses for the source or destination parameters.<br /><div align="center" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<b>NOT Truth Table</b></div>
<a href=""></a><div align="center" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<table style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; clear: both; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; position: relative; width: 157px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="43%">Source</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="56%">Destination</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">0</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">0</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>XOR [Exclusive OR Operation]</b></li>
</ul>
When rung conditions are true, Sources A and B of the XOR instruction are Exclusive Oared bit by bit and stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses or constants; however, both sources cannot be a constant. Floating point values must be within the range of [-102943.7, +102943.7].<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b>AND [Logical AND Operation]</b></li>
</ul>
When rung conditions are true, sources A and B of this output instruction are AND bit by bit and stored in the destination. Sources A and B can be either word addresses or constants; however, both sources cannot be a constant. The processor you are using you may use indexed or indirect addressing in this instruction.<br /><br /><br /><b>4. VARIABLE VOLTAGE VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE </b><b>4.1 Introduction</b> One of the major factors needed for the automation in industries is the speed control of the motor without compensating on the efficiency and economy of the operation.<br />The earliest and simplest method of the motor control was manual control, which was accomplished by plain knife switches, rotary switches, starting and speed control rheostats pushbuttons and controller. Since then many changes has come across in the method of control of motors and with the advancement made in the field of power electronics the easy control of A.C. motors has become possible, to a great extent and usage of A.C. motors in industries has increased owing to it’s light-weight, inexpensive, low maintenance, compared to D.C. motors. Most common device used for this purpose is the power converters, inverters, and A.C. voltage controllers.<br />The latest trend in the industries to control the A.C. motors is to use a variable voltage variable frequency drive or variable speed controllers. They can control the frequency, voltage, and/or current to meet the drive requirement. Thus they can control the speed, direction of rotation of motor, its acceleration and deceleration time and as well as imply various modes of braking according to the requirement<br />The Allen-Bradley company (U.S.A.) Company has introduced 160SSC (smart speed controller) series B, for this purpose and besides this other models are too available, according to the requirement and voltage/current ratings.<b>4.2 Advantages of using VVVF drive or SSC</b> 1. Reduceenergyusages and operating cost<br />Reducing the speed of a centrifugal pump/fan load drastically reduces power consumption. Both SSC controller models offer the speed control to accomplish this. In addition the large reduction in starting current can save utility demand charges.<br />2. Reduces system Noise<br />Adjustment of PWM switching frequency (up to 8 kHz) provides quite motor operation and controllers to solutions for electromagnetic noise problem.<br />3. Prolong equipment: Adjustable acceleration and deceleration time provides inherent soft starting and stopping. This is further enhanced by the controller’s programmable “s†curve adjustment. This means a huge reduction in starting currents and elimination of excessive starting torques.<br />4. Eliminate electromechanical controls-Reduce system cost<br />SSC controller allows the user to control the process without the need for:<br /><ul style="list-style-image: none; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Reversing starters</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Reduced voltage starters</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Multi speed starters</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Multi speed motor</li>
</ul>
5. Integral dynamic braking transistor<br />The SSC controller has an additional transistor built in for applications that require extra braking torque. The dynamic brake resister module connects directly to the controller’s terminals to provide up to 300% braking torque.<br />Braking torque depends up on controller rating and motor.<br />6. Compact design<br />Attaches directly to front of controller – replacing keypad or Ready/fault panel and saves valuable panel space.<br />7. Quick installations<br />Reduces installation time by allowing the user to configure node address via the network.<br />8. Electronic motor over load protection<br />SSC does not require an over load relay for the operation of one motor. Thus saves the extra cost and panel space of installing a separate over load relay.<br />9. Multiple specific speeds<br />Can be made available for manufacturing and material handling e.g. conveyors, packaging, winders, mixers, trolleys and for commercial applications examples laundry machines, automatic doors, automatic car washes, dock levellers. (In case of preset speed module)<br />10. Follows analog signal<br />It can be used in many applications that take advantage of the adjustability and simple control that comes from an analog signal. Example:<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Fans and pumps- Refrigeration, paint booths, exhaust, HVAC, metering.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Machine tools- Lathes, milling machines, drill presses, saws, woodworking, grinders.</li>
</ol>
<b>4.3 Details of VVVF Drive</b> The A.B. 160 SSC series B comes in two different models i.e. analog signal follower and preset speed module. The major difference lying between them is that by using preset speed controller module, we can fix 8 different speeds for the motor by changing the preset frequency by programming it.<br />It has an option of program keypad module, through which we can change the parameter required for the control of motor.<br />The SSC (smart speed controller) is a compact motor speed controller for use on three-phase induction and synchronous A.C. motors. It is microprocessor controlled and fully programmable for a variety of applications.<a href=""></a><div align="center" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="9%">1 phase input 50/60 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="9%">3 phase input 50/60 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="18%">Output ratings</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="18%">Input ratings</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="21%">Dynamic braking torque (%)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="11%">Power Dissipation Watt</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">Cooling method</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="5%">KW</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="5%">HP</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="7%">O/P Amps</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="10%">Operating Voltage range</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="7%">KVA</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="11%">Without external resistor</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="9%">With external resistor</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="9%">160s-AA02</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="9%">160-AA02</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="5%">.37</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="5%">1/2</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="7%">2.3</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="10%">180-265</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="7%">1.1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="10%">100</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="10%">300</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="11%">20</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">Convection</td></tr>
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Control Inputs (analog signal follower model only)<a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="49%">Analog input (4 to 20 mA)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%">Input impedance 250 ohm</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Analog input (-10 to +10V DC)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Input impedance 100k ohm</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">External speed potentiometer</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1k ohm to 10 k ohm, watt minimum</td></tr>
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Program keypad module<br />Features:<br />The program keypad module is located on the front panel of the controller. It features the following:<br /># Five key on the module for display or programming controller parameter<br /># Three keys for control inputs to the controller<br /># Directional LEDs<br /># six digit, seven segment LED display<br />Four digits, seven segments LED display this four digit display the parameter value or fault code number<br />Two digit, seven segment LED display– These two digit display the active parameter number for both display and program parameter, which are designated as P## throughout this manual.<br />Escape key- It allows you to toggle between the display mode and program mode. When in program mode, this key also disables the editing of parameter value.<br />Select key – It is not only used while in program mode. It enables the editing of a parameter values. When you press this key the program mode indicator flashes.<br />Up/down arrow keys - Are used to scroll through a list of parameters, or increase and decrease the parameter values. Press and hold either key to increase scrolling speed.<br />Enter key – When pressed, while in programming mode causes the current value displayed to be entered into memory. When you press this key the program mode indicator remains on, but stops fleshing.<br />Starts Key - Initiates a start command when the controller is programmed for local start/stop control. (When P46- (input mode) is set to “2â€).<br />Stop key- Initiates the motor to “coastâ€, “ramp†or “D.C. brake†to stop the motor depending on the setting of P 34 – [stop mode].<br />Reverse key – Pressing it causes the motor to ramp down to zero hertz and then ramp up to its set speed in the opposite direction.<br />Directional LEDs to indicate the direction of rotation – counter clockwise and clockwise LEDs.<br />The counter clockwise Led eliminates constantly when the motor rotates in reverse direction.<br />The clockwise LED eliminates constantly when the motor rotates in forward direction.<br />Four-digit parameter display – these four digits display the parameter value or fault code number.<br />Display mode<br />The controller always powers up in the display mode. While in this mode you may view all read only controller parameters, but not modify them.<br /><b>4.4 PROGRAM MODE</b><br />You enter the program mode by pressing the escape key (ESC). While in program mode, you can edit any programmable controller’s parameters.<br />Display and Program Parameters Descriptions<a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="100%">Display Parameters</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">Parameter</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Parameter name</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Description</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Units</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Output frequency</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0.0 to 240 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">0.1 Hz</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">2</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Output voltage</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0 to max. Voltage</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">1 volt</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">3</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Output current</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0 to 2 times controller rated output current</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">.01 amps</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">4</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Output power</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0 to 2 times controller rated output power</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">.01 KW</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">5</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Bus voltage</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0 to 410v for 230v controllers</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">1 volt</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">6</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Frequency command</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0.0 to 240 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">0.1 Hz</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">7</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Last fault</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Retains fault for trouble shooting</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Numeric value</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">8</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Heat sink temperature</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0 to 150 degree cent</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">1degree cent.</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">9</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Controller status</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Running, forward, accelerating, decelerating</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Binary number</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">10</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Controller type</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Used by Allen-Bradley field service personal</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Numeric value</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">11</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Control version</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Display firm wire version</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Numeric value</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">12</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Input status</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Displays the status of start, stop, and reverse discrete inputs</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Binary number</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">13</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Power factor angle</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">0.00 to 90 degrees</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">.01 degrees</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">14</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Memory probe display</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Used by Allen-Bradley field service personnel</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Numeric value</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="12%">15</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="25%">Preset status</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="36%">Displays the status of speed discrete inputs</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="24%">Binary number</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="100%"><i>Program parameters</i></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">Parameter</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Parameter Name</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Description</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">Factory Default</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">30</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Accel time 1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">0.1 to 600 sec.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">10</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">31</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Decel time 1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">0.1 to 600 sec.</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">10</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">32</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Min. Frequency</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">0 to240 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">33</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Max. Frequency</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">0 to240 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">60</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">34</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Stop mode selection</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Three settings 1) Ramp<br />2) Coast<br />3) D.C. injection braking</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">Ramp</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">35</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Base frequency</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">10 to 240 Hz</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">60</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">36</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Base Voltage</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">20 to 230 V for 230V controllers</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">230</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">42</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Motor over load current</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">20 to 200% of controller rated current</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">115%</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">46</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Input mode</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Four settings-keypad, 2wire, 3wire, momentary run fwd/run reverse</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">3 wire</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">47</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Output configure</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Nine different settings for a variety of controller conditions</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">54</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Clear fault</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Resets fault</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">56</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Reset default</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Resets controller to factory default settings</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">57</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Program lock</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Protects users settings</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="13%">59</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="26%">Frequency select</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="38%">Selects source of frequency (internal or external)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="22%">External</td></tr>
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<b>5. PROCESS AUTOMATION</b><br /><b>5.1 INTRODUCTION</b><br />Digital computers were first applied to the industrial process control in late 1950’s to automate the processes like to control temperature, pressure, flow etc. The use of computer increased and dedicated microcontrollers were then used. One of the most ingenious devices ever devised to advance the field of industrial automation is the Programmable Logic Controller. Broadly, the PLC performs tasks like - acquisition of process data, processing of collected data, plant hardware monitoring, system check and diagnosis, and generates control actions.<br />Industrial automation is being done in nearly every type of industry. Underlying most of this automation of big process is much more mundane tasks: turning equipment (pumps, conveyor belts etc.) on or off; opening and closing of valves; checking sensors to be certain they are working; sensing alarms when monitored signals go out of range etc. These logical functions can be implemented by PLCs<br />In this project we are demonstrating some of the industrial process control with the help of programmable logic controller. Such processes which we are controlling have applications in domains of electroplating, painting electro reforming, drying, heating, drying and any such type of industrial processes The processes which are demonstrating in this project are:<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lowering and raising a job</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Moving job laterally.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Synchronizing the opening and closing of tank with lowering and rising of job.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Controlling start/stop and speed of conveyer motor using VVVF drive.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Counting of job using proximity switch.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Synchronizing finished job placement on conveyer belt.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Measurement of temperature using thermocouple.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Displaying of temperature on digital indicator.</li>
</ol>
<b>5.2 DESCRIPTION OF MODEL</b><br />To demonstrate the above objectives we have constructed a model, the details of which are given systematically below. In this model we are using following items:<a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="8%">S.NO</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="21%">ITEM</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="54%">SPECIFICATION</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="15%">QUANTITY</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Container</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Tin(19â€height,28cm diameter)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">1</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">2</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">DC gear motor</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">24 volts separately excited with permanent magnet</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">2</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">3</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Pulley and Gear</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;"><br /></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">2,1</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">4</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Relay( 8 terminals)</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">24 volts</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">2</td></tr>
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<div align="center" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
<b>Diagram of the model</b></div>
<b>5.2.1 CONTAINER</b><br />We have used a tin circular container of 30 centimeter diameter and forty five centimeter height for containing the useful liquid or device for the desired purpose .The lead of container is open one forth only. A sliding lead is riveted to main lead which meshes with gear of motor.<br /><b>5.2.2 DC GEAR MOTOR</b><br />We used a 24 volt DC motor for the desired operation.D.C motor can rotate in both the direction by changing the polarity. We used gear motor because of smooth operation and high torque. One motor is synchronized with the cap of container as well as job piece and second motor rotates with the arm of the model.<br /><b>5.2.3 PULLEY AND GEAR</b><br />Gear is used to mesh with the cap of container. It opens and closes the container cap. Pulley is used to wrap the rope of the job piece. Both are mounted on same shaft. The diameter of pulley is 3.5 cm which transmit power to another pulley of diameter of 1cm and increase the number of revolution per minute. Another pulley of 3.5 cm diameter is mounted on same shaft on which rope is mounted. The pitch circle diameter of gear is 4.5 cm which open and close the lid.<br /><b>5.2.4 RELAY</b><br />We used 24 volts relay for reversing the direction of motor, having six terminals for reversing the direction of motor and two terminals for energizing the coil. The centre terminals is used to input supply and outer four terminal is cross connected and output is taken from their. when coil is energies then polarity is reverse and coil is deaneries then its output of same polarity.<br /><b>5.2.5 WOODEN STRUCTURE</b><br />We used shisham wood for the structure which gives the desired construction of the model. A flat base is used to put the container and proper standing of model<br /><b>5.2.6 ROPE</b><br />We use nylon thread for the carrying of job. It is rolling on the 3.5 diameter pulley.<br />OUTPUTS GIVEN OUT FROM PLC<a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><b>OUTPUT</b></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><b>ADDRESS</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Motor 1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:2/6</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Motor 2</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:2/5</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Relay 1</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:2/7</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Relay 2</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:2/4</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Digital controller</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:4/0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Temperature hi alarm</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:0/11</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">VVVF drive</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">O:2/1</td></tr>
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INPUTS GIVEN TO PLC<a href=""></a><div align="left" style="color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit;">
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<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><b>INPUT</b></td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;" width="50%"><b>ADDRESS</b></td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">To control the starting of operation</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">I:0/0</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Accept</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">I:1/1</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Test</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">I:1/3</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Proximity sensor I/P</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">I:1/7</td></tr>
<tr><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">Emergency switch</td><td style="border-color: rgb(0, 0, 0); border-width: 1px; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; vertical-align: top;">I:1/0</td></tr>
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<b>5.3 MOTION CONTROL USING PLC</b><br /><b><u>Object</u></b> <i>To lower and raise a job in a container by means pulley and motor and place the job on the conveyor belt using an arm control.</i><br /><b><u>Basic Idea</u></b><br />The basic idea behind this program is to control the direction of rotation of the motor. The placement of the motor should also be such that the transmission of mechanical power to the pulley can be done using belt drive. The job then can be raised or lower logically through the PLC.<br /><b><u>Implementation</u></b><br />In this project we are controlling a typical industrial processes by the PLC in this project we are controlling our model with the help of DC gear motors. The step of operation as follow:<br /><b>STEP 1</b><br />We put job on the arm and arm motor start rotation for 2.48sec. & rest above the container for starting the operation to be perform on the job.<br /><b>STEP 2</b><br />Motor1 rotate in anti-clock wise direction with the help of relay 1 for 10.4sec. The container will open & job moves into the container.<br /><b>STEP 3 </b><br />The motor -1 rotates clock wise without relay for 10.42sec. The container will close and the job will comes out.<br /><b>STEP 4</b><br />Arm motor rotates in anti clockwise direction with out relay for 2.9sec & the arm goes over the conveyer belt and drop the job on it.<br /><b>STEP 5</b><br />Arm motor rotate clock wise for 5.3sec and bring arm to its initial position.<br />After that the next cycle starts after 4.5sec.<br /><b><u>OPERATION:-</u></b><br />In this process we have used the timer instruction for performing the operation for the specified duration. In all we have used 9 timers T4:1-T4:9.The output of timer T4:2 goes to T4:1 whose output comes back to T4:2 for initializing the whole process after 43sec.<br />T4:3 timers are used for the pause of 2.48 sec. After that T4:4 timers are used for rotating the motor 1 for 10.42sec with relay. T4:5 are used for pause of 5sec for completing the process to be done on the job.T4:6 are used for closing the lid of container. It takes 10.42sec.T4:7 are used for rotation of the arm motor for 2.9sec.T4:8 are used for the pause of 2.3sec.T4:9 are used to bring the arm in its initial position for 5.35sec.This cycle is repeated sequentially and continuously for desired number of times.<br /><b>5.4 TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT</b><br /><b><u>Object</u></b> <i>To sense the temperature of any particular device and simulation for the condition of fault occurrence in the device. </i><br /><b><u>Basic Idea</u></b><br />The basic idea behind this program is to basically indicate the temperature of any device through the digital indicator and to sense the temperature value for the faulty condition and to stop the process automatically so that the fault can be removed and then again restart the process.<br /><b><u>Implementation</u></b><br />To implement the above program we have a temperature sensor which senses the temperature of particular device and sends it to the CPU through the RTD converter and the CPU calibrate it and gives the output to the digital indicator so that the temperature of that device can be measured. In case of any faulty condition the CPU which is continuously sensing the temperature and giving the output senses the high temperature and stops the process and activates an indicator which is a flasher so that it can be known that which fault has occurred in the process. And the process remains stop until the fault is accepted and removed.<br /><b><u>Operation</u></b><br />In the given program at rung 0 the input scaling of the temperature is done so that the reading of the temperature from the RTD converter goes to the CPU and at the very next rung the reading is calibrated according to the scale so gives the output at the digital indicator.<br />If the temperature increases more than the prescaled value the function GRT will give the high output to the flasher (O: 0/11). This flasher is used in the series of every output for suddenly stop the operation.<br />The above conditions remain as it is until the temperature remains below the presettable limit. It has preset value one so it’s done bit goes high in first increment and which stops the blinking of LED and glow it constantly. and the process is going on<br />Now to again restart the whole process the fault has to be removed and the temperature should become to its desired value.<br />We have used a thermocouple for measuring of temperature that will convert in the digital signal and indicated on the temperature indicator.<br /><b>5.5 SPEED CONTROL OF MOTOR USING VVVF DRIVE</b><br /><b><u>Object </u></b>To <i>control the speed of a motor by the help of variable voltage and variable frequency drive controlled by the PLC.</i><br /><b><u>Basic Idea</u></b><br />The basic phenomenon to control the speed of any motor is to control its input voltage or to control its frequency and this job is performed by the VVVF drive.<br /><b><u>Implementation</u></b><br />To implement this program as ladder logic firstly its scaling has to be done so that it may run with the desired speed given in the computer. To scale any output or input the SCP (Scale w/parameters) instruction is used.<br /><b><u>Operation</u></b><br />When the control switch TG#1 which is addressed at I:0/0 is switched on which gives the output to the VVVF drive and the motor connected to the this drive starts running. There is also an emergency stop button which can be pressed in case of any emergency occurred while the process is running.<br />In the SCP (Scale w/parameter) instruction the scaling is done to control the speed of motor the input given to it is the percentage value of the scaled values. And what ever may be the input is given in the SCP instruction the speed of the motor becomes high and low according to it.<br /><b>5.6 CONVEYOR SYSTEM </b><br /><b><u>Object</u></b> <i>To implement the conveyor system on a VVVF controlled motor and to count the number of the pieces passing through the conveyor</i>.<br /><br /><b><u>Basic Idea</u></b><br />The basic idea behind this program is to count any number of pieces passing through the conveyor belts which are sensed by the proximity switch.<br /><b><u>Implementation </u></b><br />To implement this program the proximity switch is placed to the suitable distance from the conveyor belt. When any piece passes through the proximity sensor it gives a high pulse which is fed to the PLC and the counter placed in the program counts the number of pieces moving on it up to the preset value given to the counter.<br /><b><u>Operation</u></b><br />When the motor is started by the switch TG#1 the conveyor starts to move in forward direction along with the pieces kept on it. The proximity switch inputs to the PLC when it senses any ferrous material passing through it at the address I:1/7 which increments the counter C5:0 by one and also glows a RED LED addressed at O:0/0 as per the count.<br />After one count of the counter C5:0 the another counter C5:1 is incremented by one and since its preset value is one so its done bit goes high in one increment and thus it stop the motor and also activates a timer T4:0 associated with it which counts for the given time period and then resets the counter C5:1 and thus motor is again started. Thus the delay of desired time period can be obtained with the help of this timer after each count so that any operation can be performed to the job counted by the proximity switch and after that operation the motor automatically restarts.<br />When the counter C5:0 counts 10 pieces the RED LED glows which is addressed at O:0/3. And after it counts 20 pieces another LED glows next the above LED and the very next to this glows after 30 count and similarly the LED addressed at O:0/8 glows after 40 pieces.<br />After the done bit of counter C5:0 goes high a RED LED addressed at O:0/10 glows and the counter stops counting the pieces.<br /><br /><br />7. BIBLIOGRAPHY<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>User Manual</i>, Allen – BradleyTM Micro Logix 1500 Programmable Controller</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><i>User Manual,</i> Allen – BradleyTM 160 SSC Variable Speed Controller</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Allen – BradleyTM’s URL <a class="external" href="http://www.ab.com/plclogic/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #36b3d1;" target="_blank">http://www.ab.com/plclogic/</a></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rockwell Automation’s URL <a class="external" href="http://www.rockwellautomation.com/" rel="nofollow" style="color: #36b3d1;" target="_blank">www.rockwellautomation.com</a></li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MicroMentor, Allen – BradleyTM, Rockwell International Company</li>
</ol>
<br /><br /><b>8.</b> <b>APPENDIX A</b><br /><b>INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION</b><br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">XIC Examines a bit for an ON condition</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">XIO Examines a bit for an OFF condition</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OTE Turn ON or OFF a bit(non-retentive)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OTL Latch a bit ON (retentive)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OTU Unlatch a bit OFF (retentive)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OSR Detects an OFF to ON transition [It sets a bit for false to true (one scan)]</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OSF It sets a bit for true to false (one scan)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TON Delay turning ON an output on a true rung</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TOF Delay turning OFF an output on a false rung</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">RTO Delay turning on an output from a true rung. The accumulator is retentive.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CTU Count Up</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CTD Count Down</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">RES Reset the RTO and counter’s ACC and status bits (not used with TOF timers)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">EQU Test whether two values are equal (=)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NEQ Test whether one value is not equal to a second value.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">GRT Test whether one value is greater than a second value.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">GEQ Test whether one value is greater than or equal to a second value.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LEQ Test whether one value is less than or equal to second value.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MEQ Test portions of two values to see whether they are equal.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LIM Test whether one value is within the range of two other values.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ADD Add two values.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SUB Subtract two values.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MUL Multiply two values.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">DIV Divide one value by another.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NEG Change the sign of the source value and place it in the destination.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">CLR Set all bits of a word to zero.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SCL Scale a value.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SCP Scale value to a range determined by creating a linear relationship.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SQR Find the square root of a value.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">DCD Decodes a 14-bit value (0 to15), turning ON the corresponding bit in the 16-bit</li>
</ol>
destination<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ENC Encodes a 16-bit source to a 4-bit value. Searches the source from the lowest to</li>
</ol>
the highest bit, and looks for the first set bit. The corresponding bit position is<br />written to the destination as an integer.<br /><ol style="list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: initial; margin: 0.1em 0px 0.8em; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px;">
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FRD Converts the BCD source value to an integer and stores, in the destination.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TOD Converts the integer source value to BCD format and stores it in the destination.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">AND Performs an AND operation</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">OR Performs an inclusive OR operation</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">XOR Performs an exclusive OR operation</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">NOT Performs a NOT operation</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MOV Move the source value to the destination.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MVM Move data from a source location to a selected portion of the destination.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">COP Copy a range of data from one file location to another.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FLL Load a file with a program constant of a value from an element address.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BSL Load and unload data into a bit array one at a time.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BSR. Load and unload data into a bit array one at a time.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FFL Load words into a file and unload them in the same order (first in, first out).</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">FFU Load words into a file and unload them in the same order (first in, first out).</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LFL Load words into a file and unload them in reverse order (last In, last Out)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LFU Load words into a file and unload them in reverse order (last In, last Out)</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SQC Compare 16-bit data with stored data.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SQO Transfer 16-bit data to word addresses</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SQL Load 16-bit data into a file.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">JMP Jump forward/backward to a corresponding label instruction.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">LBL Jump forward/backward to a corresponding label instruction.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">JSR Jump to a designated subroutine and return.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SBR Jump to a designated subroutine and return.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">RET Jump to a designated subroutine and return.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">SUS Debug or diagnose your user program.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">TND Abort current ladder scan</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">END End a program or subroutine</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">MCR. Enable or inhibit a master control zone in your ladder program.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IIM Update data prior to the normal input scan</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IOM Update outputs prior to the normal output scan.</li>
<li style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">REF Interrupt the program scans to execute the input/output scan</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-89937875308888007792013-01-06T21:43:00.003-08:002013-01-06T21:57:38.057-08:00Electrical Engineering Projects List<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Electrical Engineering based projects for final year students Only list are available at here.<br />
<br />
1.Zigbee Based Hospital Automation with online graph and WAP<br />
2. Infant Incubator Parameter Sensing & Monitoring through ZIGBEE Wireless<br />
3. Eye ball Sensor for automatic wheel chair movement for paralysed patients<br />
4. Automated Environmental Friendly Vechicle System<br />
5. Home appliances control using voice Dictation<br />
6. Pc based Wireless Weather monitoring System<br />
7. Embedded System Based Interlocking Sytsem For Chemical And Pharmacheutical Industries<br />
8. Wireless Roaming Web Cam<br />
9. Voice Controlled Wireless Multitasking Rover<br />
10. SALVO RTOS Based Data Acquisition System and control with PC Interface<br />
11. SUN SAIL - Tracking Elliptical Path Of The Sun<br />
12. Home/Industrial Automation using GSM With Voice Feedback.<br />
13. Embedded PIC MC based_Electronic Trivector Meter<br />
14. Embedded Pic Microcontroller Based Power Multimeter<br />
15. Control of substation equipments thro mobile phone.<br />
16. Embedded Pic Microcontroller Based Motor Protection System<br />
17. Energy Management System For Pulse Output Meters<br />
18. IVRS Based Home Automation With Immediate Voice Feedback<br />
19. Voice Controlled Wheel Chair Robot for Physically challenged.<br />
20. Micro controller based Antilock Braking System using Proximity Sensors<br />
21. PCB Drilling Machine using Cartesian bot<br />
22. Programmable Grass Shredding Robot<br />
23. Automatic Valet Parking System using conveyors<br />
24. Programmable Surface Cleaning Robot using Blowers<br />
25. Embedded System Based Automatic Furnace Control For Improvement Of Hardness On Materials<br />
26. Interactive Telemarketing Device For Advertisement Agencies With Human Approach<br />
27. Single Phase to 3 Phase Converter For Driving 3 Phase Motor using Single Phase<br />
28. Temperature And Humidity Measurement System for Agricultural Applications<br />
29. Embedded System based Automatic Furnace control for improvement of Hardness on materials.<br />
30. Embedded System controlled Electroplating System<br />
31. Embedded System based Transformer Oil Testing Machine.<br />
32. Blue tooth Enabled Home/Industrial Automation<br />
33. IVRS Based Electronic Tele-voting System<br />
34. IVRS Based Control Of Three Axis Robot With Voice Feed Back<br />
35. Embedded System based Cockpit White box automation<br />
36. Energy Efficient Target Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks<br />
37. Contact less Measurement Of Emission Of Automobiles<br />
38. Design Of Digital Cryogenic Temperature Controller<br />
39. Automated Vertical Car Parking System<br />
40. Remotely Activated Acoustic Warning System (RAAWS)<br />
41. Biometric Finger Print Identification with PIC Based Access Control System<br />
42. Biometric Finger Print Identification with PIC Based Time Recorder with Weigand Output<br />
43. Biometric Finger Print Identification with PIC Based Bank and Locker Security system<br />
44. Biometric Finger Print Identification with PIC Based Vehicle Access System<br />
45. Biometric Fingerprint Based Guard Alert Monitoring system with PC interface<br />
46. RFID Based Guard patrolling system with Handheld Device<br />
47. IRIS Recognition system in Authenticating Highly Secured Data.<br />
48. IRIS Scanner Using Access control Monitoring system<br />
49. Embedded Micro controller Based Nomad Robots for exploration Application<br />
50. Embedded Micro controller Based Robots for weather forecasting.<br />
51. Vehicle Accessing using Authentication<br />
52. Non-Contact Smart Card Reader Based Campus Management system.<br />
53. Web/wap based system for remote monitoring patients with data mining support.<br />
54. Remote Monitoring and Control using Mobile phones<br />
55. Secured Postal Data Communication using RFID and E-POST<br />
56. Distributed Multi area Power systems load flow monitoring<br />
57. Smart Card based Attendance monitoring with Multi-Door output.<br />
58. Secure Transmission of Sensitive data using Multiple channels<br />
59. Micro controller Based Standalone Temperature Measurement System.<br />
60. Micro controller Based Ultrasonic Pulse Detector.<br />
61. Pc Based Flow Control And Level Measurement In Petrol Bunks.<br />
62. Pc As A Pid Controller.<br />
63. Vector Controlled Device For Energy Saving Air Conditioning System.<br />
64. Fuzzy Logic Based Differential Relay For Power Transformer Protection.<br />
65. Electric Power Generation using Footstep Method.<br />
66. Embedded Micro controller based Grid Synchronization.<br />
67. Energy Management Control System with WAP<br />
68. Home Automation Using X-10 Protocol.<br />
69. Bi Directional VF Control of Single Phase AC Motors.<br />
70. Frequency Actuated Load Shedding with substation monitoring<br />
71. Management of sub-transmission and distribution system in power systems<br />
72. Mobile - Half Bridge Configuration Based High Voltage Generation of 10KVA_1KHZ<br />
73. Vector Controlled Drive for Energy Saving in Air Conditioning system<br />
74. High Performance AC Supply with Low Harmonic Distortion for multiphase AC Machines.<br />
75. Enhancement of power system performance using STATCOM<br />
76. Management of sub-transmission and distribution system in power systems.<br />
77. Remote data monitoring using WAP Information Gateway<br />
78. Embedded system based highway monitoring system and control<br />
79. Automatic Anesthesia controller with respiratory system using Heart beat Sensor<br />
80. Intelli mobile robot for multispeciality operations<br />
81. prepaid electricity system automation with contact less proximity card & card reader<br />
82. IVRS Based smart home automation with voice feedback.<br />
83. smart solar tracking for optimal power generation<br />
84. Wireless AI Based voice controlled intelli robot for multispeciality operations<br />
85. Network enabled Electronic Digital televoting machine.<br />
86. Speech Recognition based complete Car Security System<br />
87. OFDM Based Wireless Encryption/Decryption of Transfer of Messages.<br />
88. Synchronized DC Defibrillator with PC Interface<br />
89. Stand-alone Synchronized DC Defibrillator with LCD Interface<br />
90. RF Based Wireless Complete Body Scanning System Using WAP<br />
91. RF Based Medi-Kits for Houses with Emergency Dialer.<br />
92. RF Based Wire less Heart Beat Rate Monitoring System<br />
93. Medicare System for Hospital Automation<br />
94. Study and working of Peritoneal Dialysis with Model.<br />
95. IR based human radiation detection online<br />
96. PC based emergency ambulance calling system<br />
97. PC based body temperature measurement and control<br />
98. Automatic anesthesia feeder based on respiratory<br />
99. Automatic anesthesia feeder based on resp temp with temp with model<br />
100. Automatic anesthesia feeder based on HBC with model.<br />
101. Blue tooth Enabled Wireless Communication with Handheld Device.<br />
102. Advanced Sensors Controlled Bank Security System.<br />
103. Home Networking and Security System With Wap<br />
104. Tape less Voice Storage and Retrieval using APR9600.<br />
105. Electro magnetic Proximity Card Reader with Weigand output based Access Control System with Double Level Security.<br />
106. Electro magnetic Proximity Card Reader with Weigand output based Time and Attendance System.<br />
107. Electro magnetic Proximity Card Reader with Weigand output based Security Cards.<br />
108. EMPCR with Weigand output Based Electricity Billing Automation.<br />
109. EMPCR with Weigand output Based Electricity Billing Automation with WAP.<br />
110. Guard Supervisor for Industries.<br />
111. Guard Alert System for Home Security System.<br />
112. Guard Alert System for industries With Patrolling system.<br />
113. Fire Alarming Control panel with Auto dialer to Fire Station.<br />
114. Hardware Design for Pick and Place Robot<br />
115. Fire Fighting Robotics with artificial intelligence<br />
116. Fire Fighting Robotics With AI (Artificial Intelligence) and WAP<br />
117. Cell Phone Controlled Two Axis Robotics with AI.<br />
118. Cell Phone Controlled Three Axis Robotics with AI.<br />
119. Mobile Phone Controlled Alive Human Detector using Robotics<br />
120. Two Axis Stepper Controller / Driver with Opto-Isolation<br />
121. Multi Axis Stepper Controller / Driver with Opto-Isolation<br />
122. Two Axis Robotics With Artificial Intelligence (AI)<br />
123. Three Axis Robotics With Artificial Intelligence (AI)<br />
124. RF Based Wireless Multi Axis Robotics with WAP<br />
125. PLC Ëœs for bottle filling station with conveyors<br />
126. Automatic Control of Bottle Filling System Using PLC With Conveyor Model.<br />
127. Embedded PIC Micro controller based Safety Road Control With WEB CAM<br />
128. Embedded PIC Micro controller based Controlling of devices through Telephone Lines<br />
129. DAS and Remote Control through Internet<br />
130. Micro controller based system design for Electronics Laboratory<br />
131. Wireless Home Automation System Using Telephone Lines with WAP<br />
132. RF Based Wireless Encryption And Decryption Message Transfer System for Military Applications<br />
133. Encoding and decoding technique for secured data communication<br />
134. On Line Dynamic Code Acquisition For Spread Spectrum Systems<br />
135. Single Photon Quantum Cryptography<br />
136. Pseudo Random Code modulation based Secured Data Communication.<br />
137. Frequency jammer as a life guard<br />
138. Frequency jammer as a life guard with WAP<br />
139. PC based data scanner/ logger for 8 “ channel<br />
140. PC based data scanner/ logger with field programmable channel<br />
141. Intelligent guided vehicle for collision prevention<br />
142. Fuzzy Logic based Collision Prevention for vehicles.<br />
143. Intelligent Application of Fuzzy Logic in Automatic Train Speed Control System.<br />
144. Fuzzy logic based Traffic Control System - A Replacement strategy<br />
145. Embedded controller for traffic controls<br />
146. Automatic control for unmanned railway gate<br />
147. Automatic control for unmanned railway gate with model<br />
148. Automatic control for unmanned railway gate with WAP<br />
149. Solar power for automatic water heating<br />
150. Solar energy for Electrical Applications<br />
151. Tracking Sunâ„¢s path for efficient use of Solar Cell with Model<br />
152. Automated car parking system<br />
153. PC based electronic weighing scale with set point<br />
154. Bluetooth Enabled Advanced Data monitoring and control Using Hitech c.<br />
155. Multi-Parameter Measurement System and Control with Graphs<br />
156. WEB-SCADA 157. Multi Channel Voltage Scanner with SCADA<br />
158. Micro controller based Position Control for Stepper Motor<br />
159. Industrial Safety Measures System with Sensors and Web Cam<br />
160. Industrial Safety Measures System with Sensors<br />
161. Industrial Safety Measures System with Sensors with Voice Indication.<br />
162. Attendance Marker System with IRC Reader<br />
163. Attendance Marker System with IRC Reader and Face indicator<br />
164. Categorized Alarm Annunciator using Embedded System<br />
165. Categorized Alarm Annunciator using Embedded System with controls<br />
166. Categorized Alarm Annunciator with Voice using Embedded System with controls<br />
167. Micro controller based Boiler Management System<br />
168. Priority Indicators in Alarm Annunciators<br />
169. PC Based Programmable Temperature Controller for Furnaces<br />
170. PC Based Programmable Temperature Controller for Cement Plant<br />
171. 8 Channel Temp. Measurement System/Control with True Graphs<br />
172. 8 Channel Temp. Measurement System with True Graphs<br />
173. 8 Channel Temp. Measurement System with True Graphs with Voice indication<br />
174. 8 Channel Multiset point Temperature controller with Different Time Period<br />
175. Multichannel Missing Event Detector<br />
176. Multichannel Missing Event Detector with Voice Indication<br />
177. Battery Voltage and Current Monitoring for 8 Batteries<br />
178. Master / Slave Control System for Process Industries<br />
179. Embedded System based POSI-CAST controller for Dc-Dc Buck Convertor.<br />
180. Electrical Station Variables Reader/Controller with True Graph and SCADA<br />
181. Electrical Station Variable Reader/Controller with True Graph<br />
182. Remote On/Off Controller for AC Motors with Parameter Monitoring<br />
183. Remote Switching System for home appliances<br />
184. Power Sharing of Transformers with WAP<br />
185. Power Sharing of Transformers with auto protection<br />
186. Computer Keyboard as a dual controller for switching Electrical devices<br />
187. Dual control of Electrical devices through Computer Keyboard and H/W<br />
188. Centralized Powerhouse Automation using WAP.<br />
189. Slip Ring Induction motor Drive with slip Recovery using IGBT<br />
190. DC motor Starter using MOSFET<br />
191. Microcontroller Based Oil Temp/IND/CON<br />
192. 3 Phase AC Motor using IGBT<br />
193. Two / Four Quadrent chopper in Indian Military.<br />
194. Ultrasonic Range Finder<br />
195. AC Power line Monitoring motor generator application<br />
196. Speed Control of AC Motor0<br />
197. Speed Control of DC Motor with Field and Armature Control<br />
198. DC Drive using IGBT<br />
199. AC Drive using IGBT<br />
200. Maximum Demand Indicator / Controller for Industries<br />
201. Power Factor Correction Using Multiple Capacitor Banks<br />
202. Electricity Billing Automation<br />
203. Prepaid Electricity Billing Automation<br />
204. Digital Tri Vector Meter<br />
205. Multiple starter with overload protection<br />
206. Multiple starter with overload protection with AI<br />
207. Multiple starter with overload protection with WAP<br />
208. Digital Timer with Thumbwheel setting with On and Off delay type<br />
209. Digital Counter using Proximity Sensor<br />
210. Digital Energy meter using Embedded Controller<br />
211. Digital Energy meter with voice annunciation<br />
212. DC Driver using SCR<br />
213. Digital RPM Indicator using Proximity or Magnetic Pick up<br />
214. Digital Frequency indicator<br />
215. Digital Voltmeter using Embedded System<br />
216. Digital Ammeter using Embedded System<br />
217. Cyclic Timer using Embedded system<br />
218. Remote Digital RPM Indicator using Proximity or Magnetic Pick up with SCADA<br />
219. Remote Frequency indicator with SCADA<br />
220. Length counter using Embedded system<br />
221. Micro controller based access control system<br />
222. Pc based data scanner/ logger for 8 “ channel<br />
223. Pc based data scanner/ logger with field programmable channel<br />
224. Embedded controller for traffic controls<br />
225. High Pressure hose Test Rig for Brake line Manufacturing Industries<br />
226. Embedded PIC Micro controller based Petrol Bunk Automation<br />
227. Speed Control of an Electrical DC Vehicle<br />
228. Fault Tolerant Neuro Controlled Level Processing panel<br />
229. Embedded controller for non linear partially interacting process (NLPIP)<br />
230. Power Distribution Management System using WAP<br />
231. Virtual instrumentation for temperature controlled loop 232. Pc based attendance cum visitor management system<br />
233. Multi Channel Voltage Scanner with SCADA<br />
234. Micro controller based Position Control for Stepper Motor<br />
235. PC Based Programmable Temperature Controller for Furnaces<br />
236. PC Based Programmable Temperature Controller for Cement Plant.<br />
237. Micro controller Based Multichannel PID Controller for temperature<br />
238. Micro controller based Dedicated PID Controller for Temperature<br />
239. PC Based Pollution Tester For Vehicles with WEB CAM Interface<br />
240. PC Based Pollution Tester For Vehicles with CO Analyzer</div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-34347689479911726422013-01-06T21:41:00.002-08:002013-01-06T21:58:12.740-08:00Electrical Engineering Projects for Final Year<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<br />
electrical engineering projects for final year<br />
<br />
<br />
1. Transformer protection panel<br />
2. Working Model of maglev<br />
3. Maximum power point Tracking<br />
4. Motorised wheel Chair<br />
5. Controller of Electrical Vehicale<br />
6. Deregulation of Energy Sector<br />
7. Cathodic protection<br />
8. Radial Feeder protection<br />
9. PLC Based System<br />
10. Numerical Relay<br />
11. Measurement of electrical parameters<br />
12. Variable Frequency Drive<br />
13. 3 Phase Analayzer<br />
14. Modeling and simulation of Congestion management in transmission sector of deregulated electricity market.<br />
15. Electrical Bicycle<br />
16. Survey of Industries in surat<br />
17. Speed Control of D.C shunt motor using four Quadrant Chopper<br />
18. Speed Control of Separately excited D.C motor using µP<br />
19. Cyclo- converter 1- Phase to 1- Phase<br />
20. Digital Filter Design & itâ„¢s Application<br />
21. Computer Aided Power Flow Analysis<br />
22. Microstepping of Unipolar Stepper Motor<br />
23. Speed control of 3 - Phase Induction Motor by V / F method using PWM Technique<br />
24. Measurement of inrush current in Transformer<br />
25. Microprocessor based power factor measurement & control<br />
26. 8085 based Protective Relay<br />
27. Microcontroller based Digital Energy Meter<br />
28. Electronic Power Generator using Transistor<br />
29. Measurement of inrush current in Transformer<br />
30. Microstepping of Unipolar Stepper Motor<br />
31. Computer Aided Power Flow Analysis<br />
32. Speed Control of D.C shunt motor using four Quadrant Chopper<br />
33. Microprocessor based power factor measurement & control<br />
34. Cycloconverter 1- Phase to 1- Phase<br />
35. 8085 based Protective Relay<br />
36. Speed Control of Separately excited D.C motor using µP<br />
37. Microcontroller based Digital Energy Meter<br />
38. Speed control of 3 - Phase Induction Motor by V / F method using PWM Technique<br />
39. Digital Filter Design & itâ„¢s Application<br />
40. Electrical Bicycle<br />
41. Survey of Industries in surat<br />
42. Electronic Power Generator using Transistor<br />
43. Solar Tracking System<br />
44. Working Model of Solar Power Plant<br />
45. Speed Control of D.C Motor using D.C Drives<br />
46. Prepaid Card Energy Meter<br />
47. Vector Controlled AC Drive<br />
48. Reciprocating Motor<br />
a. / C Relay<br />
49. Construction & Design of Three phase 1 H.P Motor<br />
50. Micro-controller based differential protection of Transformer<br />
51. Design Optimization of Three phase squirrel cage Induction Motor<br />
52. Speed Control of D.C Motor using Simulation<br />
53. Micro-controller based Control of any electrical Machine<br />
54. Inverter (MOSFET based)<br />
55. V / F Speed Control of Three Phase Induction Motor<br />
56. Linear Induction Motor (Design & Performance, Analysis)<br />
57. PLC Based Boiler Control System<br />
58. Microprocessor based Robot<br />
59. Power Factor correction using Microprocessor<br />
60. 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor design<br />
61. 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor design<br />
62. Speed control of dc shunt motor<br />
63. Protection of 3 phase induction motor<br />
64. Speed control of universal motor using microcontroller<br />
65. Computer Aided Design Of Transformer<br />
66. Microprocessor based Power Meter<br />
67. Microprocessor based Speed Control of Induction Motor<br />
68. Data Acquisition System<br />
69. UPS<br />
70. GSM CONTROLLED DOOR LATCH OPENER WITH SECURITY DIALUP WITH CHANGEABLE TELEPHONE NUMBERS (BASED)<br />
<br />
71. POWER GRID CONTROL THROUGH PC<br />
<br />
72. i.V.R.S. SYSTEM FOR INDUSTRIAL CONTROL<br />
<br />
73. RF CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTORS AND OTHER INDUSTRIAL<br />
74. LOADS<br />
<br />
75. Microcontroller Based G.S.M. controlled Switch With Voice<br />
<br />
76. Six Channel Petrochemical Fire Monitoring & Control Station<br />
<br />
77. Based Token Number Display With Voice & Security<br />
<br />
78. Home/Office Security System (Teleguard)<br />
<br />
79. IBM PC HDD,FDD,PRINTER SIGNAL INDICATOR AND FAULT LOCATOR CARDS(SET OF THREE CARDS)<br />
<br />
80. MINI LCD SCOPE<br />
<br />
81. ELECTRONIC EYE BASED<br />
<br />
82. ELECTRONIC EYE BASED WITH EVENT LOGGING ON PC<br />
<br />
83. Hotel Power Management Through PC<br />
<br />
84. µc Based PT- Temperature Controller<br />
<br />
85. Microcontroller Based Code Lock With Security Telephone Dialer<br />
<br />
86. REAL TIME CHANNEL DATA LOGGER<br />
<br />
87. CH DATA LOGGER THROUGH RADIO LINK<br />
<br />
88. Load Shedder<br />
<br />
89. Home automation Through P.C.<br />
<br />
90. inductance , capacitance and frequency meter.<br />
<br />
91. PC TO PC LASER COMMUNICATION<br />
<br />
92. PC TO PC FIBER- OPTIC COMMUNICATION<br />
<br />
93. BILGE OIL WATER SEPARATOR<br />
<br />
94. AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX<br />
<br />
95. AUTOMATIC CONTROL OF UNMANNED RAIL GATE<br />
<br />
96. AUTO-ANSWERING WITH SECURITY DIAL-UP<br />
<br />
97. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER (PLC)<br />
<br />
98. heart beat monitor (BASED)<br />
<br />
99. INTELLIGENT SAUNA BATH CONTROL SYSTEM<br />
<br />
100. REMOTE MONITORING AND ALARM ON PC USING RADIO LINK<br />
<br />
101. EIGHT CHANNEL DATA LOGGER CBASED<br />
<br />
102. CONTROL SYSTEM FOR MODERN HOUSE<br />
<br />
103. PAIN MONITOR<br />
<br />
104. PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM<br />
<br />
105. R.F. CONTROLLED INTELLIGENT ROBOT CAR WITH CORDLESS VIDEO-CAM .SENDS VIDEO & SOUND ON MONITOR/TV CONTINUOUSLY. CAN BE USED FOR SPYING PURPOSE RANGE YARDS RADIAL . BASED ON MICROCONTROLLER<br />
<br />
106. PWER HOUSE MONITORING THROUGH RADIO FREQUENCY<br />
<br />
107. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING RADIO FREQUENCY ()SUITABLE FOR ROBOTIC ARM (TWO ANGLE)<br />
<br />
108. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL FROM PC COM PORT()SUITABLE FOR ROBOTIC ARM (TWO ANGLE)<br />
109. DC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL THROUGH PUSH SWITCHES()<br />
<br />
110. TELEPHONE CALLS LOGGER ( LOGS ALL incoming and outgoing CALLS TO PC)<br />
<br />
111. RFID TX AND RX KIT WITH TWO IDS ( SECURITY APPLICATION)<br />
<br />
112. RFID TX AND RX KIT WITH TWO IDS ( ROUTE MAP APPLICATION)<br />
<br />
113. RFID TX AND RX KIT WITH TWO IDS ( ATTENDANCE REGISTER)<br />
<br />
114. HOME APPLIANCES CONTROL THROUGH PC<br />
<br />
115. SAFE LANDING SYSTEM<br />
116. BUILD YOUR OWN // PROGRAMMER<br />
117. BUILD YOUR OWN EMBEDDED DEVELOPMENT BOARD PC<br />
<br />
118. REAL-TIME INDUSTRIAL PROCESS CONTROL AND MONITORING USING GSM PHONES<br />
<br />
119. LINE FOLLOWER ROBOT<br />
120. LIGHT FOLLOWER ROBOT<br />
121. INFRA RED CONTROL FOR PC<br />
122. DRIVER ALERT<br />
<br />
123. CONTACT LESS TECHO GENERATOR<br />
124. HEART BEAT MONITOR WITH WAVE ON LCD(PIC BASED)<br />
125. IR FOLLOWER ROBOT<br />
126. PARKING RADAR<br />
127. MULTI CORE CABLE TESTER<br />
128. KITCHEN TIMER<br />
129. ROOM THERMOMETER<br />
130. DIGITAL LOCK<br />
131. PHOTIC PHONE<br />
132. PIC LCF METER<br />
133. RADIO FREQUENCY REMOTE CONTROL BOARD (CONTROL EIGHT RELAYS)<br />
134. MICROCONTROLLER BASED SECURITY DIAL UP WITH EVENT LOGGING TO PC<br />
135. HOME AUTOMATION USING GSM<br />
136. GSM IVRS<br />
137. AUTOMATIC TOLL TAX WITH VOICE USING<br />
138. INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION & MONITORING SYSTEM<br />
<div>
<br /></div>
<strong style="background-color: #e4e6e9; font-family: Arial, Verdana, 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 13px;"></strong></div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-92221819706622535082013-01-06T21:36:00.002-08:002013-01-06T21:58:37.184-08:00Electronics mini Projects for Engineering Students<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
Hi I uploaded here a list of Electronics Projects for Engineering Students. Choose any one topic and try to make it. Keep it up your work ahead.<br />
<br />
1. Transistorised Logic Probe for TTL<br />
2. Constant-Current Battery Charger<br />
3. Multitone Siren<br />
4. Generator Room Light<br />
5. Liquid Level Alarm<br />
6. PC Power Manager<br />
7. Pyroelectric Fire Alarm<br />
8. Telephone Call Recorder<br />
9. USB Power Socket<br />
10. Triple Power Supply<br />
11. Smart Hearing Aid<br />
12. Midnight Security Light<br />
13. DuoPhone<br />
14. Mini UPS System<br />
15. Car-Reversing Horn With Flasher<br />
16. Short-Circuit Protection in DC Low-Voltage Systems<br />
17. Inverter for Soldering Iron<br />
18. Skin Response Meter<br />
19. Solar Panel based Charger and Small LED Lamp<br />
20. Electronic Bicycle Lock<br />
21. Remote-operated Master Switch<br />
22. Automated Alarm Circuits<br />
23. Traffic Baton<br />
24. Laser-guided Door Opener<br />
25. Three-Phase Appliance Protector<br />
26. PC Multimedia Speakers<br />
27. Aquarium Probe<br />
28. Bicycle Indicator<br />
29. Poor Manâ„¢s Hearing Aid<br />
30. Portable Lamp Flasher<br />
31. Staircase Light With Auto Switch-Off<br />
32. Car Anti-theft Guard<br />
33. USB Power Booster<br />
34. Smart Vibration Sensor<br />
35. Drinking Water alarm<br />
36. Battery-level Indicator<br />
37. PC Temperature Controller<br />
38. Traffic Controller<br />
39. Seismic Sensor<br />
40. Dice With -Segment Display<br />
41. Motorbike Alarm<br />
42. Laptop Protector<br />
43. Night Alert<br />
44. Muscular Stimulator<br />
45. Wireless Switch<br />
46. Long-Range IR Transmitter<br />
47. Electric Window Fence Charger<br />
48. GLOW PLuG CONTROLLER<br />
49. Versatile CMOS TTL Logic And Clock Probe<br />
50. Tester For Remote Control<br />
51. Automatic Low-Power Emergency Light<br />
52. -Band Graphic Equaliser<br />
53. Clock Timer<br />
54. Fully Automatic Emergency Light<br />
55. IR Music Transmitter and Receiver<br />
56. Electronic Horn<br />
57. Mobile Bug<br />
58. LED Lighting for Christmas<br />
59. Current Sensor<br />
60. Bell-Cum Light Controller<br />
61. Friendly Charger for Mobile Phones<br />
62. Hearing Aid<br />
63. Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse-Width Modulation<br />
64. Remote-Controlled Fan Regulator<br />
65. Low-Power Voltage Doubler<br />
66. Shutter Guard<br />
67. Desktop Power Supply<br />
68. Mobile Shield<br />
69. Infrared Firecracker Igniter<br />
70. Automatic Phase Changer<br />
71. Flying Saucer<br />
72. Anti-Collision Rear Light<br />
73. Light Fence<br />
74. MAT Switch<br />
75. Ultrasonic Proximity Detector<br />
76. Ultrasonic Proximity Detector<br />
77. Shadow Alarm<br />
78. IR Burglar Deterrent<br />
79. Versatile Water-Level Controller<br />
80. Automatic-Off Timer For CD Players<br />
81. Heat-Sensitive Switch<br />
82. Sensitive Vibration Detector<br />
83. Secret Bell<br />
84. Variable Power Supply Using a Fixed-Voltage Regulator IC<br />
85. Appliance Timer-Cum-Clap Switch<br />
86. Telephone-Operated Calling System<br />
87. Front Door Guard<br />
88. Parrot-Sounding AC Doorbell<br />
89. Fuel Reserve Indicator For Vehicles<br />
90. Brake Failure Indicator<br />
91. Safety Guard<br />
92. Mains Supply Failure Alarm<br />
93. Remote Control For Home Appliances<br />
94. Micromotor Controller<br />
95. Solar Bug<br />
96. Multi-Melody Generator With Instrumental Effect<br />
97. School-College Quiz Buzzer<br />
98. Visual AC Mains Voltage Indicator<br />
99. Simple Short-Wave Transmitter<br />
100. Solar Lighting System<br />
101. Infrared Bug<br />
102. Picnic Lamp<br />
103. Versatile Power Supply<br />
104. Digital Dice<br />
105. Remote-Controlled Power-Off Switch<br />
106. Anti-Theft Alarm For Bikes<br />
107. DC Motor Control Using A Single Switch<br />
108. Solidstate Remote Control Switch<br />
109. Flashing-Cum-Running Light<br />
110. Quality FM Transmitter<br />
111. Stabilised Power Supply With Short-Circuit Indication<br />
112. Little Door Guard<br />
113. Stress Meter<br />
114. Teleconferencing System<br />
115. Medium-Power FM Transmitter<br />
116. Smart Cellphone Holder<br />
117. Simple Digital Security System<br />
118. Digital Audio/Video Input Selector<br />
119. Auto Turn-Off Battery Charger<br />
120. Atmel AVR ISP Dongle<br />
121. Audio Amplifier for Personal Stereo<br />
122. Musical Light Chaser<br />
123. Water-Level Controller<br />
124. Hit Switch<br />
125. Fire Alarm Using Thermistor<br />
<br />
<br />
126. Low-Cost Electronic Quiz Table<br />
127. Mobile Cellphone Charger<br />
128. Smart Foot Switch<br />
129. Programmable Timer for Appliances<br />
130. Electronic Watchdog<br />
131. Automatic School Bell<br />
132. Digital Stop Watch<br />
133. Cell-Phone-Controlled Audio/Video Mute Switch<br />
134. Washing Machine Motor Controller<br />
135. Low-Cost Hearing Aid<br />
136. Over-Under-Voltage Protection of Electrical Appliances<br />
137. Parallel Telephone With Secrecy and Call Prevention<br />
138. Voltage-Based Controller For Switches<br />
139. DTMF Receiver IC MT Tester<br />
140. PC-Based DC Motor Speed Controller<br />
141. Child's Lamp<br />
142. Watchman Watcher<br />
143. Highway Alert Signal Lamp<br />
144. Anti-Bag-Snatching Alarm<br />
145. LED-Based Message Display<br />
146. Multiband CW Transmitter<br />
147. Automatic Night Lamp With Morning Alarm<br />
148. Touch Dimmer<br />
149. Mosfet-Based Preamplifier for FM Radio DXing<br />
150. Non-Contact Power Monitor<br />
151. Remote-Operated Musical Bell<br />
152. Electronic Motor Starter<br />
153. Telephone Receiver<br />
154. Pulse Generator<br />
155. Infrared Remote Control Timer<br />
156. Clap Switch<br />
157. Multi-Switch Doorbell With Indicators<br />
158. Song Number Display<br />
159. Lead-Acid Battery Charger With Voltage Analyser<br />
160. Electronic Security System<br />
161. Three-Colour Display Using Bicolour LEDs<br />
162. Ultra-Bright LED Lamp<br />
163. Computerised Universal Timer<br />
164. Number Guessing Game<br />
165. PC-Based Oscilloscope<br />
166. Intruder Radio Alert System<br />
167. Flashing Beacon<br />
168. Knock Alarm<br />
169. Automated Traffic Signal Controller<br />
170. Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller<br />
171. Mains Manager<br />
172. Crystal-Controlled Time-Base Generator<br />
173. Mains Operated Christmas Star<br />
174. Music On-Hold For Telephones<br />
175. Solidstate Switch For DC-Operated Gadgets<br />
176. Ding-Dong Bell<br />
177. IR Remote Switch<br />
178. Shortwave Transmitter<br />
179. FM Booster<br />
180. Laser Torch-Based Voice Transmitter And Receiver<br />
181. Mobile Phone Battery Charger<br />
182. Fastest Finger First Indicator<br />
183. Condenser Mic Audio Amplifier<br />
184. DarkRoom Timer<br />
185. Speller Effect Sign Display<br />
186. Stereo Tape Head Preamplifier For PC Sound Card<br />
187. Generation Of -Sec. Pulses Spaced -Sec. Apart<br />
188. -Line Telephone Sharer<br />
189. Musical ËœTouchâ„¢ Bell<br />
190. Automatic Heat Detector<br />
191. Single Phase Electronic Starter<br />
192. Precision Amplifier With Digital Control<br />
193. Precision Attenuator With Digital Control<br />
194. Infrared Electronic Shooting Game<br />
195. A Hierarchical Priority Encoder<br />
196. Digital Mains Voltage Indicator<br />
197. Water-Level Controller<br />
198. Invisible Broken Wire Detector<br />
199. Anti-Theft Security For Car Audios<br />
200. Simple Telephone Ring Tone Generator<br />
201. Versatile Zener Diode Tester<br />
202. DTMF Proximity Detector<br />
203. Under-/Over-Voltage Beep for Manual Stabiliser<br />
204. -Step Digital Power Supply<br />
205. Auto Shut-off For Cassette Players And Amplifiers<br />
206. House Security System<br />
207.Digital Timer Enhancement<br />
208.Water-Level Indicator Using 7-segment display<br />
209.Automatic Light Controller Using 7806<br />
210.Spy Ear<br />
211. Transistorised Logic Probe for TTL<br />
212. Constant-Current Battery Charger<br />
213. Multitone Siren<br />
214. Generator Room Light<br />
215. Liquid Level Alarm<br />
216. Four-Stage FM Transmitter<br />
217. USB Power Socket<br />
218. Triple Power Supply<br />
219. Smart Hearing Aid<br />
220. Midnight Security Light<br />
221. Automated Alarm Circuits<br />
222. Traffic Baton<br />
223. Numeric Water-level Indicator<br />
224. Versatile Probe<br />
225. Electronic Candles<br />
226. Simple Sensitive Remote Control Tester<br />
227. Pyroelectric Fire Alarm<br />
228. Telephone Call Recorder<br />
229. DuoPhone<br />
230. Mini UPS System<br />
231. Car-Reversing Horn With Flasher<br />
232. Short-Circuit Protection in DC Low-Voltage Systems<br />
233. Inverter for Soldering Iron<br />
234. PC Power Manager<br />
235. Skin Response Meter<br />
236. Solar Panel based Charger and Small LED Lamp<br />
237. Tester For Remote Control<br />
238. Automatic Low-Power Emergency Light<br />
239. Mobile Bug<br />
240. LED Lighting for Christmas<br />
241. Current Sensor<br />
242. Electronic Bicycle Lock<br />
243. Remote-operated Master Switch<br />
244. Laser-guided Door Opener<br />
245. PC Temperature Controller<br />
246. Battery-level Indicator<br />
247. Traffic Controller<br />
248. Night Alert<br />
249. Muscular Stimulator<br />
250. Wireless Switch<br />
251. Electric Window Fence Charger<br />
252. Three-Phase Appliance Protector<br />
253. Aquarium Probe<br />
254. Bicycle Indicator<br />
255. Poor Manâ„¢s Hearing Aid<br />
256. Portable Lamp Flasher<br />
257. Car Anti-theft Guard<br />
258. USB Power Booster<br />
259. Darkroom Timer<br />
260. Water level indicator With Alarm<br />
261. Smart Vibration Sensor<br />
262. Drinking Water alarm<br />
263. Glow Plug Controller<br />
264. Seismic Sensor<br />
265. Dice With 7-Segment Display<br />
266. Motorbike Alarm<br />
267. Laptop Protector<br />
268. Shutter Guard<br />
269. Desktop Power Supply<br />
270. Mobile Shield<br />
271. Infrared Firecracker Igniter<br />
272. Automatic Phase Changer<br />
273. Automatic Speed Controller For Fans and Coolers<br />
274. Telephone line based Audio Muting<br />
275. Precision Digial AC Power controller<br />
276. Phone BroadCaster<br />
277. Long-range FM Transmitter<br />
278. Self Switch power supply<br />
279. Electrical Equipment control using PC<br />
280. Low cost Transistorised intercom Flying Saucer<br />
281. Anti-Collision Rear Light<br />
282. Light Fence<br />
283. MAT Switch<br />
284. 5-Band Graphic Equaliser<br />
285. Clock Timer<br />
286. Fully Automatic Emergency Light<br />
287. IR Music Transmitter and Receiver<br />
288. Electronic Horn<br />
289. PC Multimedia Speakers<br />
290. Precision Amplifier with Digital Control<br />
291. Electronic Card-Lock System<br />
292. Blown Fuse Indicator<br />
293. Simple Intercom Circuit<br />
294. LED-Based Message Display<br />
295. Telephone Receiver<br />
296. Water-LeveL Controller<br />
297. Song Number Display<br />
298. Fastest-finger-first-indicator<br />
299. Musical 'Touch' Bell<br />
300. Audio-Visual Extra Ringer For Phone<br />
301. Contactless AC Mains Voltage Detector<br />
302. Fire Alarm<br />
303. Precison 1Hz Clock Generator Using Chip-On-Board<br />
304. Short Wave AM Transmitter<br />
305. Solidstate Auto Power off on Mains Failure<br />
306. Automatic emergency tourch<br />
307. Automatic Emergency Light<br />
308. Versatile CMOS TTL Logic and Clock Probe<br />
<br />
309. Ramp Controlled Light<br />
310. 7MHz CW AM QRP Transmitter<br />
311. Auto Reset Over-Under Voltage Cut-Out<br />
312. Shortwave transmitter<br />
313. Programmable Door-Bell with Flashing LEDS<br />
314. Precision Attenuater with Digital Control<br />
315. Parallel telephone with Secrecy<br />
316. A Hierarchical Priority Encoder<br />
317. Digital Mains Voltage indicator<br />
318. Low cost PCO Billing meter<br />
<br />
319. Cordless Phone Backup<br />
320. Sleep Switch cum wake timer<br />
321. Simple Analogue to digital converter<br />
322. Digital switching system<br />
323. Ultra Low Drop linear regulator<br />
324. 40-Meter Direct conversion receiver<br />
325. Frequency measurement using PC<br />
326. Miniature strobe light<br />
327. CD-Rom Drive as Digital-Audio CD Player<br />
328. Clap Remote<br />
329. Smart Phone Light<br />
330. Handy Zener Diode tester<br />
331. Telephone Line Vigilant<br />
332. High & Low Voltage cutout<br />
333. Color Sensor<br />
334. Running Message Display<br />
335. Low current high voltage power supply<br />
336. Intelligent Switch<br />
337. AUTOMATIC TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED FAN<br />
338. Programmable LED Indicator<br />
339. Touch Sensitive Musical Bell With Timer<br />
340. Staircase Light With Auto Switch-Off<br />
341. 2-Line Intercom-Cum-Telephone Line Changeover Circuit<br />
342. Magic Light<br />
343. Teleremote Control<br />
344. Telephone Conversation Recorder<br />
345. Automatic Dual Output display<br />
346. Long Range IR Transmitter<br />
347. Digital Dice with numeric display<br />
348. Security System Switcher<br />
349. Watch Dog for Telephones<br />
350. UPS for Cordless Telephones<br />
351. Economical Pump Controller<br />
352. Tiny Dew Sensor<br />
353. Computerised Morse Code Generator Transmitter<br />
354. Telecom Headset<br />
355. Telephone Ringer Using Timer ICs<br />
356. Power Supply failure alarm<br />
357. Protection for your electrical Appliance<br />
358. Simple Code Lock<br />
359. PC-based 7 segment rolling display<br />
360. Fuel Reserve Indicator For Vehicles<br />
361. Brake Failure Indicator<br />
362. Automatic Room Power Control<br />
363. Fuild Level Detector<br />
364. Accurate Electronic Stop Watch<br />
365. Sensitive Temperature Switch Telephone call meter using calculator and COB<br />
366. Magnetic Proximity switch<br />
367. Electronic Scoring game<br />
368. Digital Speedometer<br />
369. House Security System<br />
370. Ultrasonic Proximity Detector<br />
371. Secret Bell<br />
372. Variable Power Supply Using a Fixed-Voltage Regulator IC<br />
373. Appliance Timer-Cum-Clap Switch<br />
374. Telephone-Operated Calling System<br />
375. Front Door Guard<br />
376. Bell-Cum Light Controller<br />
377. Friendly Charger for Mobile Phones<br />
378. Hearing Aid<br />
379. Speed Control of DC Motor Using Pulse-Width Modulation<br />
380. Remote-Controlled Fan Regulator<br />
381. Low-Power Voltage Doubler<br />
382. Parrot-Sounding AC Doorbell<br />
383. Multi-Melody Generator With Instrumental Effect<br />
384. School-College Quiz Buzzer<br />
385. Visual AC Mains Voltage Indicator<br />
386. Simple Short-Wave Transmitter<br />
387. Solar Lighting System<br />
388. Infrared Bug<br />
389. Picnic Lamp<br />
390. Versatile Power Supply<br />
391. Ultrasonic Proximity Detector<br />
392. Shadow Alarm<br />
393. IR Burglar Deterrent<br />
394. Versatile Water-Level Controller<br />
395. Automatic-Off Timer For CD Players<br />
396. Heat-Sensitive Switch<br />
397. Sensitive Vibration Detector<br />
398. Digital Dice<br />
399. Remote-Controlled Power-Off Switch<br />
400. Non-Contact Power Monitor<br />
401. Remote-Operated Musical Bell<br />
402. Electronic Motor Starter<br />
403. Washing Machine Motor Controller<br />
404. Over-Under-Voltage Protection of Electrical Appliances<br />
405. Low-Cost Hearing Aid<br />
406. Little Door Guard<br />
407. Stress Meter<br />
408. Medium-Power FM Transmitter<br />
409. Teleconferencing System<br />
410. Smart Cellphone Holder<br />
411. Safety Guard<br />
412. Mains Supply Failure Alarm<br />
413. Remote Control For Home Appliances<br />
414. Micromotor Controller<br />
415. Solar Bug<br />
416. Simple Digital Security System<br />
417. Digital Audio - Video Input Selector<br />
418. Auto Turn-Off Battery Charger<br />
419. Atmel AVR ISP Dongle<br />
420. Audio Amplifier for Personal Stereo<br />
421. Musical Light Chaser<br />
422. Hit Switch<br />
423. Water-Level Controller<br />
424. Fire Alarm Using Thermistor<br />
425. Electronic Watchdog<br />
426. Automatic School Bell<br />
427. Anti-Theft Alarm For Bikes<br />
428. DC Motor Control Using A Single Switch<br />
429. Solidstate Remote Control Switch<br />
430. Flashing-Cum-Running Light<br />
431. Quality FM Transmitter<br />
432. Stabilised Power Supply With Short-Circuit Indication<br />
433. Digital Stop Watch<br />
434. Cell-Phone-Controlled Audio Video Mute Switch<br />
435. PC-Based DC Motor Speed Controller<br />
436. Under-Over-Voltage Beep for Manual Stabiliser<br />
437. Child's Lamp<br />
438. Watchman Watcher<br />
439. Highway Alert Signal Lamp<br />
440. Low-Cost Electronic Quiz Table<br />
441. Mobile Cellphone Charger<br />
442. Anti-Theft Security For Car Audios<br />
443. Simple Telephone Ring Tone Generator<br />
444. DTMF Proximity Detector<br />
445. Versatile Zener Diode Tester<br />
446. 15-Step Digital Power Supply<br />
447. Smart Foot Switch<br />
448. Programmable Timer for Appliances<br />
449. Anti-Bag-Snatching Alarm<br />
450. Multiband CW Transmitter<br />
451. Automatic Night Lamp With Morning Alarm<br />
452. Touch Dimmer<br />
453. Mosfet-Based Preamplifier for FM Radio DXing<br />
454. Voltage-Based Controller For Switches<br />
455. DTMF Receiver IC MT8870 Tester<br />
456. Pulse Generator<br />
457. Infrared Remote Control Timer<br />
458. Multi-Switch Doorbell With Indicators<br />
459. Electronic Security System<br />
460. Lead-Acid Battery Charger With Voltage Analyser<br />
461. Ultra-Bright LED Lamp<br />
462. Three-Colour Display Using Bicolour LEDs<br />
463. Computerised Universal Timer<br />
464. Number Guessing Game<br />
465. Intruder Radio Alert System<br />
466. Flashing Beacon<br />
467. Knock Alarm<br />
468. Automated Traffic Signal Controller<br />
469. Infrared Toy Car Motor Controller<br />
470. Mains Manager<br />
471. Crystal-Controlled Time-Base Generator<br />
472. Mains Operated Christmas Star<br />
<br />
473. Laser Torch-Based Voice Transmitter And Receiver<br />
474. Mobile Phone Battery Charger<br />
475. Condenser Mic Audio Amplifier<br />
476. Speller Effect Sign Display<br />
477. Stereo Tape Head Preamplifier For PC Sound Card<br />
478. Invisible Broken Wire Detector<br />
479. Auto Shut-off For Cassette Players And Amplifiers<br />
480. Generation Of 1-Sec. Pulses Spaced 5-Sec. Apart<br />
481. 9-Line Telephone Sharer<br />
482. Automatic Heat Detector<br />
483. Single Phase Electronic Starter<br />
484. Infrared Electronic Shooting Game<br />
485. Add-On Stereo Channel Selector<br />
486. Telephone Number Display<br />
487. Luggage Security System<br />
488. Universal High-Resistance Voltmeter<br />
489. Time Switch<br />
490. Charge Monitor For 12V Rechargeable Lead-Acid Battery<br />
491. Dual-Channel Digital Volume Control<br />
492. Infrared Cordless Headphone<br />
493. Simple Low-Cost Digital Code Lock<br />
494. Electronic Jam<br />
495. Wiper Speed Controller<br />
496. IC Controlled Emergency Light With Charger<br />
497. Colour Sensor<br />
498. FM Transmitter For Channel Changer Music On-Hold For Telephones<br />
499. Solidstate Switch For DC-Operated Gadgets<br />
500. Ding-Dong Bell<br />
501. IR Remote Switch<br />
502. FM Booster<br />
</div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-7508921256522623802013-01-06T08:29:00.001-08:002013-01-06T21:59:52.080-08:00Shop Details at Lajpat Rai Market<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">Components and Shops</span></div>
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Buy <span style="font-style: italic;">transformers</span> from shop no 304 at Lajpat Rai Market (Guru Transformers).</div>
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Buy <span style="font-style: italic;">miscellaneous components</span> (Resistors, capacitors etc) from shop number 403 </div>
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Buy <span style="font-style: italic;">ICs, SMD components, Microcontrollers, voltage regulators</span> etc. from Shop no 614 (Mehta brothers)</div>
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Buy <span style="font-style: italic;">heat sinks</span> from shop no 31</div>
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<span style="font-style: italic;">Order</span> components from Pulsar Electronics (Mumbai) by COD. Contact them Phone: (022)-56990440, 56680217, mobile: 09821252230 (Attn: Priyank). Email: <a href="mailto:pulsarele@vsnl.com">pulsarele@vsnl.com</a></div>
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For <span style="font-style: italic;">Atmel components</span>: Oriole Electronics Pvt. Ltd. 116, Vardhman Tower, Preet Vihar Community Centre, New Delhi 110092. Tel: 011-22454525. Attn: Mr. Nair</div>
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Buy <span style="font-style: italic;">general purpose PCBs </span>at shop number 432 Lajpat Rai market .Or order them from .</div>
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Buy all sorts of <span style="font-style: italic;">connectors, fuse holders </span>from shop number 218 Lajpat Rai market</div>
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Buy all kinds of <span style="font-style: italic;">connecting wires</span> from shop 331, Lajpat Rai market</div>
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</div>
<div style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">A list of shops at Lajpat Rai Market, Delhi that sell electronics stuff in small quantities</span></span></div>
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<table border="1" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 1px rgb(136, 136, 136); color: #333333; empty-cells: show; font-family: Tahoma, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: start;"><tbody style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 33px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; width: 119px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-family: georgia, serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;">Shop Number</span></span></span></td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 33px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; width: 215px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-family: georgia, serif; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;">Stuff you'll get from there</span></span></span></td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 404</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Resistors, Capacitors, LEDs, Wires</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 304</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Transformers</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 496</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Ferrite Cores</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 338</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;">Transistors </td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 594</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Passives and Power Devices</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 31</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Heat Sinks</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 331</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Hook-up Wires (for breadboarding)</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 614</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Almost all ICs and connectors</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 810,321,423</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Motors</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 629</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> Almost everything but is a bit too costly</td></tr>
<tr style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 119px;"> 363</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 6px 10px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"> All sorts of sensors, soldering irons and more</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-15044335579352199922013-01-06T08:25:00.003-08:002013-01-06T08:25:58.078-08:00Resistor Power Rating<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
BEST SITE FOR LEARNING ELECTRONICS AND TUTORIALS ARE....<br />
http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws<br />
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Resistor Power Rating</h2>
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When an electrical current passes through a resistor, electrical energy is lost by the resistor in the form of heat and the greater this current flow the hotter the resistor will get. This is known as the <strong>Resistor Power Rating</strong>. Resistors are rated by the value of their resistance and the power in watts that they can safely dissipate based mainly upon their size. Every resistor has a maximum power rating which is determined by its physical size as generally, the greater its surface area the more power it can dissipate safely into the ambient air or into a heatsink.</div>
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A resistor can be used at any combination of voltage (within reason) and current so long as its "Dissipating Power Rating" is not exceeded with the resistor power rating indicating how much power the resistor can convert into heat or absorb without any damage to itself. The <strong>Resistor Power Rating</strong> is sometimes called the <em>Resistors Wattage Rating</em> and is defined as <em>the amount of heat that a resistive element can dissipate for an indefinite period of time without degrading its performance.</em></div>
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The power rating of resistors can vary a lot from less than one tenth of a watt to many hundreds of watts depending upon its size, construction and ambient operating temperature. Most resistors have their maximum resistive power rating given for an ambient temperature of +70<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">o</sup>C or below.</div>
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Electrical power is the rate in time at which energy is used or consumed (converted into heat). The standard unit of electrical power is the <b>Watt</b>, symbol <b>W</b> and a resistors power rating is also given in Watts. As with other electrical quantities, prefixes are attached to the word "Watt" when expressing very large or very small amounts of resistor power. Some of the more common of these are:</div>
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Electrical Power Units</h3>
<table align="center" bgcolor="#fafafa" border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="mtxt" style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #5078b4; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.78333282470703px; text-align: center; width: 460pxpx;"><tbody>
<tr bgcolor="#d3e0ea"><td align="center" height="30px" width="120px">Unit</td><td align="center" width="100px">Symbol</td><td align="center" width="140px">Value</td><td align="center" width="100px">Abbreviation</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" height="30px">milliwatt</td><td align="center">mW</td><td align="center">1/1,000th watt</td><td align="center">10<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">-3</sup> W</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" height="30px">kilowatt</td><td align="center">kW</td><td align="center">1,000 watts</td><td align="center">10<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">3</sup> W</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" height="30px">megawatt</td><td align="center">MW</td><td align="center">1,000,000 watts</td><td align="center">10<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">6</sup> W</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />Resistor Power (P)</h2>
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We know from <em><a href="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_2.html" style="color: #006eaa; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 600; text-align: left;">Ohm's Law</a></em> that when a voltage is dropped across a resistor, a current will be passed through the resistor producing a product of power. In other words, if a resistor is subjected to a voltage, or if it conducts a current, then it will always consume power and we can superimpose these three quantities of power, voltage and current into a triangle called a <strong>Power Triangle</strong> with the power dissipated as heat in a resistor at the top and the current and the voltage at the bottom as shown.</div>
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The Resistor Power Triangle</h3>
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<img alt="Power Triangle" border="0" height="156px" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/dcp24.gif" width="193px" /></div>
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<br /><img alt="Power Triangle Relationship" border="0" height="182px" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/dcp25.gif" width="469px" /></div>
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<br />The above power triangle is great for calculating the power dissipated in a resistor if we know the values of the voltage across it and the current flowing through it. But we can also calculate the power dissipated by a resistance by using <em><a href="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/dccircuits/dcp_2.html" style="color: #006eaa; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: 600; text-align: left;">Ohm's Law</a></em>. Ohms law allows us to calculate the power dissipation given the resistance value of the resistor. By using Ohms Law it is possible to obtain two alternative variations of the above expression for the resistor power if we know the values of only two, the voltage, the current or the resistance as follows:</div>
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[ P = V x I ] Power = Volts x Amps</div>
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[ P = I<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup> x R ] Power = Current<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup> x Ohms</div>
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[ P = V<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup> ÷ R ] Power = Volts<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup> ÷ Ohms</div>
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The electrical power dissipation of any resistor in a DC circuit can be calculated using one of the following three standard formulas:</div>
<div class="equation" style="background-color: #fff8c6; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 200, 245); color: #000040; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.78333282470703px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 20px; text-align: center; width: 400px;">
<img alt="Power Equations" border="0" height="64px" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res19.gif" width="354px" /></div>
<ul style="color: #000040; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16.78333282470703px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 519.7833251953125px;">
<li><br />Where:</li>
<li> <span class="mtxt" style="color: #5078b4; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">V</span> is the voltage across the resistor in Volts</li>
<li> <span class="mtxt" style="color: #5078b4; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">I</span> is in current flowing through the resistor in Amperes</li>
<li> <span class="mtxt" style="color: #5078b4; font-size: 11pt; text-align: center;">R</span> is the resistance of the resistor in Ohm's (Ω)</li>
</ul>
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As the dissipated resistor power rating is linked to their physical size, a 1/4 (0.250)W resistor is physically smaller than a 1W resistor, and resistors that are of the same ohmic value are also available in different power or wattage ratings. Carbon resistors, for example, are commonly made in wattage ratings of 1/8 (0.125)W, 1/4 (0.250)W, 1/2 (0.5)W, 1W, and 2 Watts.</div>
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Generally speaking the larger their physical size the higher its wattage rating. However, it is always better to select a particular size resistor that is capable of dissipating two or more times the calculated power. When resistors with higher wattage ratings are required, wirewound resistors are generally used to dissipate the excessive heat.</div>
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<tr bgcolor="#d3e0ea"><td align="center" height="30px" width="100px"><b>Type</b></td><td align="center" width="180px"><b>Power Rating</b></td><td align="center" width="100px"><b>Stability</b></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" height="24px">Metal Film</td><td align="center">Very low at less than 3W</td><td align="center">High 1%</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" height="24px">Carbon</td><td align="center">Low at less than 5W</td><td align="center">Low 20%</td></tr>
<tr><td align="center" height="24px">Wirewound</td><td align="center">High up to 500W</td><td align="center">High 1%</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Power Resistors</h2>
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Wirewound power resistors come in a variety of designs and types, from the standard smaller heatsink mounted aluminium body 25W types as we have seen previously, to the larger tubular 1000W ceramic or porcelain power resistors used for heating elements. The resistance value of wirewound resistors is very low (low ohmic values) compared to the carbon or metal film types. The resistive range of a power resistor ranges from less than 1Ω (R005) up to only 100kΩ's as larger resistance values would require fine gauge wire that would easily fail.</div>
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<img align="middle" alt="Wirewound Resistor" border="0" height="122px" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res41.jpg" width="160px" /><div style="color: #5078b4; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
Typical Power Resistor</div>
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Low ohmic, low power value resistors are generally used for current sensing applications were, using ohm's law the current flowing through the resistance gives rise to a voltage drop across it. This voltage can be measured to determine the value of the current flowing in the circuit. This type of resistor is used in test measuring equipment and controlled power supplies.</div>
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The larger wirewound power resistors are made of corrosion resistant wire wound onto a porcelain or ceramic core type former and are generally used to dissipate high inrush currents such as those generated in motor control, electromagnet or elevator/crane control and motor braking circuits. These types of resistors have standard power ratings up to 500W and are connected together to form resistance banks.</div>
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Another useful feature of wirewound power resistors is in the use of heating elements like the ones used for electric fires, toaster, irons etc. In this type of application the wattage value of the resistance is used to produce heat and the type of alloy resistance wire used is generally made of Nickel-Chrome (Nichrome) allowing temperatures up to 1200<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">o</sup>C.</div>
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All resistors whether carbon, metal film or wirewound obey Ohm´s Law when calculating their maximum power (wattage) value. It is also worth noting that when two resistors are connected in parallel then their overall power rating is increased. If both resistors are of the same value and of the same power rating, then the total power rating is doubled.</div>
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Example No1</h2>
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What is the maximum power rating in Watts of a resistor which has a voltage of 12V across it and a current of 50mA flowing through it.</div>
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Given that we know the voltage and current, we can substitute the values into <span class="ntxt" style="color: #5078b4; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">P = V x I</span>.</div>
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<img alt="resistor power example no1" height="32px" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res21.gif" width="385px" /></div>
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<br />Example No2</h2>
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Calculate the maximum safe current that can pass through a 1.8KΩ resistor rated at 0.5W.</div>
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Given that we know the resistor power rating and resistance, we can substitute the values into <span class="ntxt" style="color: #5078b4; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">P = I<sup style="bottom: 0.7em; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;">2</sup>R</span>.</div>
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<img alt="resistor power example no2" height="190px" src="http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/resistor/res20.gif" width="326px" /></div>
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<br />All resistors have a <b>Maximum Dissipated Power Rating</b>, which is the maximum amount of power it can safely dissipate without damage to itself. Resistors which exceed their maximum power rating tend to go up in smoke, usually quite quickly, and damage the circuit they are connected to. If a resistor is to be used near to its maximum power rating then some form of heatsink or cooling is required.</div>
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Resistor power rating is an important parameter to consider when choosing a resistor for a particular application. The job of a resistor is to resist current flow through a circuit and it does this by dissipating the unwanted power as heat. Selecting a small wattage value resistor when high power dissipation is expected will cause the resistor to over heat, destroying both the resistor and the circuit.</div>
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Thus far we have considered resistors connected to a steady DC supply, but in the next tutorial about<span class="ntxt" style="color: #5078b4; font-size: 10pt; text-align: center;">Resistors</span>, we will look at the behaviour of resistors that are connected to a sinusoidal AC supply, and show that the voltage, current and therefore the power consumed by a resistor used in an AC circuit are all in-phase with each other.</div>
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-63495630840773675822013-01-06T08:21:00.004-08:002013-01-06T22:00:49.704-08:00How To Start With Robotics part I<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Hi I search many sites but i found a very normal site but it having great content so i Paste that content in my blog you can visit on the site also. robogaia.om<br />
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Robotics part I</h2>
<span class="imgPusher" style="color: #666666; display: block; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"></span><span style="clear: left; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 10;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" style="color: #ff9900;"><img alt="Picture" class="wsite-image galleryImageBorder" src="http://www.robogaia.com/uploads/6/8/0/9/6809982/415113.png" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; margin: 5px 10px 10px 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative;" /></a></span><br />
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Usually people come to robotics because the like to thinker or they are curious about technology. Either way this is a great way to learn because robotics touches so many fields like electronics, mechanics , software,artificial intelligence.And is a great and engaging way for children to learn while in the same time playing. Since robotics is such a vast field, it can be sometimes intimidating to the newcomer.<br />
Fortunately are plenty of resources for any age and with prices starting from free to thousands of dollars.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Printed Magazines</span></span><br />
<br />
Fortunately those magazines have online presence and are very helpful to find new projects and resources.<br />
<a href="http://find.botmag.com/" style="color: #ff9900; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank" title="">Robot</a> magazine contains a lot of info about kits , electronic boards, algorithm description.<br />
<a href="http://makezine.com/" style="color: #ff9900; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank" title="">Make</a> magazine is full of projects from many fields but is a great resource to find tools,and to get inspired.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Robotic</span> <span style="font-weight: bold;">Related Software</span></span><br />
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<a href="http://pyrorobotics.org/?page=The_20Pyrobot_20Simulator" style="color: #ff9900; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank" title="">The Pyrobot Simulator</a> -for medium to advanced users<br />
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<a href="http://www.ros.org/" style="color: #ff9900; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank" title="">ROS</a>(Robotic Operating system) .This is the holy grail of robotics. It runs on top of Linux , Windows and<br />
has drivers for hundreds of sensors , navigation algorithms, basically everything to create a truly autonomous system.It has a simulator that helps to test the algorithms.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/robotics/default" style="color: #ff9900; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank" title="">Microsoft Robotics Studio</a> is a Windows development tools that also includes a simulator.<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: bold;">Robotic kits</span></span><br />
Fortunately the market is flooded with robotic kits.Cheapest kits allow you to put the robot together with minimum amount of tools, and then the robot executes a simple task, like driving and turning when on obstacle is reached.<br />
<br />
Book PDF Link<br />
<br />
<a href="http://alex.smola.org/drafts/thebook.pdf" style="color: #ff9900; text-decoration: initial;" target="_blank" title="">INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING</a></div>
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-488902901365754572013-01-06T08:19:00.001-08:002013-01-06T22:01:34.095-08:00How to Calculate Resistor Wattage<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="imgPusher" style="color: #666666; display: block; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; height: 0px; overflow: hidden;"></span><span style="clear: left; color: #666666; float: left; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative; z-index: 10;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" style="color: #ff9900;"><img alt="Picture" class="wsite-image galleryImageBorder" src="http://www.robogaia.com/uploads/6/8/0/9/6809982/7018443.png" style="border-color: rgb(204, 204, 204) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(170, 170, 170) rgb(204, 204, 204); border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; margin: 5px 10px 10px 0px; padding: 3px; position: relative;" /></a></span><br />
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Resistors can have wattage ranges that start from 0.03 watts to kilowatts and higher. Resistors can allow only a limited current amount passing through them.Once the current passes through the resistor , it produces heat.If the heat is too great , then the resistor will burn down. In the resistor datasheet there is a parameter called permissible Temperature.Once the temperature is reached the resistor is loosing its characteristics. One way to lower the temperature is to use heat sinks, but is not always possible or desirable.<br />
In order to calculate the wattage we need to know the voltage and the resistance and Ohm's law.Also we need the formula for power<br />
which is P(power)=V(voltage) * I(current)<br />
As we see we already have the voltage, so we need to find the current. From Ohm's law R(resistance)=V(voltage) / I(current)<br />
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we transform the formula to I =V / R<br />
so the power formula becomes<br />
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P=(V *V) / R<br />
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After we found the power that the resistor requires we have to find a resistor that will handle that power.<br />
And also temperature will degrade the capacity of the resistor to handle power.For example a thin film resistor will handle 80% of power dissipation at 85 degrees Celsius and 50% at 100 degrees Celsius.<br />
So it would be advisable to add a lot of margin . So having a resistor with at least double the wattage required would be advisable.<br />
One problem with having resistors with bigger power dissipation is their size.Increasing the size of the resistor will increase the size of the board which will increase the price.</div>
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For more you also see robogia.com</div>
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-24722261777215962122013-01-06T06:21:00.002-08:002013-01-06T22:01:54.483-08:00Internship for Different Engineers<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I copy this from http://www.sakshieducation.com Because i need details about internship i hope this is helpful for others also.<br />
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<tr><td align="left" style="padding: 0px 10px;" width="100%"><div class="lintroeng" id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_div_NewsHighlight" style="color: #5c5c5c; font-family: Georgia, Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 19px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; text-align: justify;">
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Internships are considered as the first job for any student. Students can gain the skills necessary for a particular job. There are several advantages with internships – it adds weight to your profile, practical knowledge will be developed, it takes you ahead of others while searching for a job.</div>
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<tr class="bodytext" style="font-family: Georgia, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 26px; padding-left: 10px; padding-right: 10px; text-align: justify;"><td align="justify" style="padding: 0px 10px;" width="100%"><div class="lmattereng" id="ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_div_Desc">
<img class="imgR" src="http://www.sakshieducation.com/EnggPhotos/Internship.jpg" style="border: 1px solid rgb(203, 202, 202); float: right; margin: 6px 0px 6px 10px; padding: 4px;" />Let us see some of the areas in engineering branches where one can find an internship and Companies offering Internships<br />
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<strong><span style="color: dodgerblue;">Civil Engineering:</span></strong>Infrastructure companies are offering internships for civil engineering students. Site jobs, Computer Aided Design (CAD) are some of the areas for doing internship.<br />
<strong>Companies: </strong>Gammon India, SEW Infrastructure, IVRCL, JMC etc<br />
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<strong><span style="color: dodgerblue;">Mechanical/ Production Engineering</span>Areas: </strong>Mechanic design, automobile engineering, thermal engineering, computational fluid dynamics, simulation, CAD/CAM, industrial management<br />
<strong>Companies:</strong> L&T Group, Essar steels, Mahindra & Mahindra, John Deers, Infotech enterprises, Ashok Leyland etc<br />
<br />
<strong><span style="color: dodgerblue;">Electronics & Communication Engineering</span></strong>The companies offering internships are ECIL, NTPC, Texas Instruments, Mentor Graphics and Philips etc<br />
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<strong><span style="color: dodgerblue;">Electrical and Electronics Engineering</span>Areas:</strong> Embedded systems, Micro control, networking, DNP processors, Analogy, Digital IC designs, power electronics, hydraulics, thermal electrical machine maintenance<br />
<strong>Companies:</strong> BHEL, BDL etc<br />
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<strong><span style="color: dodgerblue;">Computer Science Engineering / Information Technology</span>Areas:</strong> Machine Learning, Language Technologies, Human Computer Interaction, Artificial Intelligence<br />
<strong>Companies: </strong>Microsoft, Google, Yahoo, Amazon, Nvidia etc<br />
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<strong><span style="color: maroon;">Ways to approach for an Internship</span></strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Approach with the Reference Letter given by Training and Placement Officer of the institute</li>
<li>Contact HR / Head of the Operations / Talent acquisition / Staff Head directly</li>
<li>Notifications available in the internet</li>
<li>Now a days, these offers can be availed through social network sites</li>
</ul>
<strong><span style="color: maroon;">Types of Internships</span></strong><br />
There are two types of internships - Internships with employment where a student is offered job in the same company soon after completing internship and internships without employment where a job is not offered but certificate would be provided. These certificates will help students in getting job.<br />
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<strong>Stipend: </strong>Many companies provide stipend of Rs 5, 000 to Rs 8, 000 during internships. Some MNCs are offering stipend of Rs 20, 000 too. The amount of stipend also varies with their qualification.<br />
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<strong><span style="color: maroon;">Certificates necessary for Internships</span></strong><br />
<ul>
<li>Resume</li>
<li>Permission letter from Principal and HOD</li>
<li>Recommendation letter from Training and Placement Officer</li>
<li>Reference Letter</li>
</ul>
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-67837204993331810792013-01-05T23:37:00.001-08:002013-01-05T23:37:21.859-08:00Something About Manu Kaushik<div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #666666; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Verdana; font-size: 12px;"><div style="color: #666666; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Welcome
to My Official Static Blogging Site. Myself Manu Kaushik. I am a
Blogger, Web Developer, Creator or Designer, A Mango Boy, Best Friend,
GBG, Good Son, An Engineering Student, and a Social Worker. My Hobbies
are writing works, reading novels, and reading another knowledgeable and
technology books etc. “<em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Khelna Muje Pasand nahi</em>” I like Shooting, Singing Songs and Riding.</strong></div>
<div style="color: #666666; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: blue; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">H</span>ey,
this is my homepage, so I have to say something about myself. Sometimes
it is hard to introduce yourself because you know yourself so well that
you do not know where to start with. Let me give a try to see what kind
of image you have about me through my self-description. I hope that my
impression about myself and your impression about me are not so
different. Here it goes.</strong></em></strong></div>
<div style="color: #666666; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: red; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I</span>
am a person who is positive about every aspect of life. There are many
things I like to do, to see, and to experience. I like to read, I like
to write; I like to think, I like to dream; I like to talk, I like to
listen. I like to see the sunrise in the morning, I like to see the
moonlight at night; I like to feel the music flowing on my face, I like
to smell the wind coming from the ocean. I like to look at the clouds in
the sky with a blank mind, I like to do thought experiment when I
cannot sleep in the middle of the night. I like flowers in spring, rain
in summer, leaves in autumn, and snow in winter. I like to sleep early, I
like to get up late; I like to be alone, I like to be surrounded by
people. I like country’s peace, I like metropolis’ noise; I like the
beautiful west lake in Hangzhou, I like the flat cornfield in Champaign.
I like delicious food and comfortable shoes; I like good books and
romantic movies. I like the land and the nature, I like people. And, I
like to laugh.</strong></em></strong></div>
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></em></strong><div style="color: #666666; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"></em></strong></div>
<div style="color: #666666; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">
<strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><em style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><strong style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="color: violet; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">I</span>
always wanted to be a great writer, like Victor Hugo who wrote “Les
Miserable”, or like Roman Roland who wrote “John Christopher”. They have
influenced millions of people through their books. I also wanted to be a
great psychologist, like William James or Sigmund Freud, who could read
people’s mind. Of course, I am nowhere close to these people, yet. I am
just someone who does some teaching, some research, and some writing.
But my dream is still alive.</strong></em></strong></div>
<div style="color: #666666; line-height: 20px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 10px;">
<a href="http://galaxyspot.com/manu" style="color: #36c3e0; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; text-decoration: underline;" target="_blank" title="Manu Kaushik">Manu Kreationz</a></div>
</span></div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-4000767749119015552013-01-05T23:25:00.004-08:002013-01-05T23:25:55.215-08:00Mak Kreationz (Mystical)<div id="content-main">
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Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-12556527521146227052013-01-05T23:23:00.003-08:002013-01-05T23:23:34.036-08:00Music have its own Language<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 8pt; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><span style="color: #000099;">Music is the universal language of mankind.</span></span><span style="color: #000099;"> </span></span></h2>
<div class="paragraph editable-text" style="display: block; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: black;">Play <strong>MILLIONS</strong> of Music Videos.<br />Discover new music groups and artists, that you like ....</span></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black;">I
have my own particular sorrows, loves, delights; and you have yours.
But sorrow, gladness, yearning, hope, love, belong to all of us, in all
times and in all places. Music is the only means whereby we feel these
emotions in their universality.</span></span></span><br /><span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS'; font-size: 16px; line-height: normal;"><span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 1px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 1px; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica; font-size: 11px; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="-webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 4px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 4px; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span></span><br /><span></span><em>The
following are bits and pieces of the Brain Candy collector's favorite
song lyrics, accumulated through the years. In the case of some shorter
works, the entire song is included.</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span> And as we wind on down the road<br />our shadows taller than our soul<br />there walks a lady we all know<br />who shines white light and wants to show<br />how everything still turns to gold<br />and if you listen very hard<br />the tune will come to you at last<br />when all are one and one is all<br />to be a rock and not to roll.<br /><em>- - - Led Zeppelin, "Stairway to Heaven"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>All you touch and all you see,<br />Is all your life will ever be.<br /><em>- - - Pink Floyd, "Breathe"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>All of us get lost in the darkness<br />Dreamers learn to steer by the stars<br />All of us do time in the gutters<br />Dreamers turn to look at the cars<br /><em>- - - Rush "The Pass"</em><br /><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Amazing grace! How sweet the sound<br />That saved a wretch like me!<br />I once was lost, but now am found,<br />Was blind, but now I see.<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Through many dangers, toils, and snares,<br />I have already come:<br />'Tis grace has brought me safe thus far,<br />And grace will lead me home.<br /><em>- - - John Newton, "Amazing Grace"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And Honey, I miss you and I'm being good.<br />And I'd love to be with you if only I could.<br /><em>- - - Bobby Goldsboro, "Honey"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And if I can't be with you I would rather have a different face<br />And if I can't be near you I would rather be adrift in space<br />And if the gods desert us I would burn this chapel into flames<br />And if someone tries to hurt you I would put myself in your place<br /><em>- - - Neil Finn "Try Whistling This"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And if she asks you why you can tell her that I told you<br />That I'm tired of Castles in the Air<br />I've got a dream I want the world to share in castle walls<br />Just leave me to despair<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Hills of forest green where the mountains touch the sky<br />A dream come true, I'll live there 'til I die<br />I'm asking you, to say my last good-bye<br />The love we knew, ain't worth another try<br /><em>- - - Don McLean "Castles in the Air"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And the cat's in the cradle and the silver spoon<br />Little boy blue and the man in the moon.<br /><em>- - - Harry Chapin, "Cat's In the Cradle"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And the seasons, they go round and round,<br />And the painted ponies go up and down.<br />We're captive on the carousel of time.<br />We can't return, we can only look<br />Behind from where we came,<br />And go round and round and round in the circle game.<br /><em>- - - Tom Rush, "The Circle Game"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And the words of the prophets are written on the subway walls,<br />And tenement halls,<br />And whispered in the sounds of silence.<br /><em>- - - Paul Simon, "Sounds of Silence"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And though you want to last forever,<br />You know you never will,<br />You know you never will,<br />And the good-bye makes the journey harder still.<br /><em>- - - Cat Stevens "O Very Young"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And you run and you run to catch up with the sun but it's sinking.<br />Racing around to come up behind you again.<br />The sun is the same in a relative way but you're older.<br />Shorter of breath and one day closer to death.<br /><em>- - - Pink Floyd, "Time"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Are you lonesome tonight?<br />Do you miss me tonight?<br />Are you sorry we drifted apart?<br />Does your memory stray to a bright sunny day?<br />When I kissed you and called you sweetheart?<br />Do the chairs in your parlor seem empty and bare?<br />Do you gaze at your doorstep and picture me there?<br />Is your heart filled with pain, shall I come back again?<br />Tell me dear, are you lonesome tonight?<br /><em>- - -Roy Turk and Lou Handman, "Are You Lonesome Tonight"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Aruba, Jamaica, ooh I wanna take you to<br />Bermuda, Bahama, come on pretty mama<br />Key Largo Montego, baby why don't we go<br />Ooh I wanna take you down to<br />Kokomo, we'll get there fast and then we'll take it slow<br />That's where we wanna go, way down in Kokomo.<br /><em>- - -Beach Boys, "Kokomo"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Beautiful dreamer, wake unto me,<br />Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee.<br /><em>- - - Stephen Foster, "Beautiful Dreamer"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Because you're mine<br />I walk the line.<br /><em>- - - Johnny Cash, "I Walk the Line"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Blue Moon, you saw me standing alone<br />Without a dream in my heart<br />Without a love of my own<br /><em>- - -Lorenz Hart, "Blue Moon"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>But of all these friends and lovers<br />There is no one compares with you.<br />And these memories lose their meaning<br />When I think of love as something new.<br />Though I know I'll never lose affection<br />For people and things that went before<br />I know I'll often stop and think about them<br />In my life, I love you more.<br /><em>- - -Beatles "In My Life"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Come on baby, light my fire<br />Try to set the night on fire<br /><em>- - -Robbie Kreiger , "Light My Fire"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Day is done<br />gone the sun<br />from the lake<br />from the hill<br />from the sky<br />all is well<br />safely rest<br />God is nigh<br /><em>- - - Anonymous "Taps"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Doesn't anybody stay in one place any more?<br /><em>- - - Carole King, "Far Away"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Don't go changing, to try and please me<br />You never let me down before.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel, "Just the Way You Are"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Don't want to close my eyes<br />I don't want to fall asleep<br />'Cause I'd miss you, baby, and I don't want to miss a thing.<br />'Cause even when I dream of you,<br />The sweetest dream would never do<br />I'd still miss you baby, and I don't want to miss a thing.<br /><em>- - - Aerosmith "Don't want to miss a thing"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Down the street the dogs are barking<br />And the day is getting dark.<br />As the night comes in a-falling,<br />The dogs´ll lose their bark<br />And the silent night will shatter<br />From the sounds inside my mind,<br />For I´m one to many mornings<br />And a thousand miles behind.<br />From the crossroads of my doorstep,<br />My eyes they start to fade,<br />As I turn my head back to the room<br />Where my love and I have laid....<br /><em>- - - Bob Dylan "One Too Many Mornings"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Driving that train, high on cocaine<br />Casey Jones you'd better watch your speed<br />Trouble ahead, trouble behind<br />And you know that notion just crossed my mind<br /><em>- - - Robert Hunter (Grateful Dead) "Casey Jones"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Every breath you take and every move you make<br />Every bond you break, every step you take<br />I'll be watchin' you<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Every single day and every word you say<br />Every game you play, every night you stay<br />I'll be watchin' you<br /><em>- - -Sting, "Every Breath You Take"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Every time I look in the mirror<br />All these lines on my face getting clearer<br />The past is gone<br />It goes by, like dusk to dawn<br />Isn't that the way<br />Everybody's got their dues in life to pay<br /><em>- - - Aerosmith, "Dream On"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Fly away, to the rainbow in the sky<br />Gold is at the end for each of us to find<br />There the road begins, where another one will end<br />Here the four winds know who will break and who will bend<br />All to be the Master of the Wind<br /><em>- - - Manowar, " Master of the Wind"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Fred Jones was worn out from caring for his often<br />screaming and crying wife during the day, but<br />he couldn't sleep at night for fear that she,<br />in a stupor from the drugs that didn't<br />ease the pain would set the house ablaze<br />with a cigarette<br /><em>- - - Ben Folds Five, "Cigarette" (that's the whole song)</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Freedom's just another word for nothin' left to lose.<br />Nothin' ain't worth nothin' but it's free.<br /><em>- - - Kris Kristofferson, "Me and Bobby McGee"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Happy days are here again,<br />The skies above are clear again:<br />Let us sing a song of cheer again,<br />Happy days are here again!<br /><em>- - - Jack Yellen "Happy Days Are Here Again"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>He goes along just as a water lily<br />Gentle on the surface of his thoughts his body floats<br />Unweighed down by passion or intensity<br />Yet unaware of the depth upon which he coasts<br />And he finds a home in me<br />For what misfortune sows, he knows my touch will reap<br /><em>- - -Fiona Apple, "Pale September"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>He not busy being born is busy dying.<br /><em>- - - Bob Dylan, "It's Alright, Ma"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Hear that lonesome whippoorwill?<br />He sounds too blue to fly.<br />The midnight train is whining low,<br />I'm so lonesome I could cry.<br /><em>- - - Hank Williams, "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>How can I be sure<br />in a world that's constantly changing?<br />How can I be sure where I stand with you?<br />Whenever I, whenever I am away from you<br />I wanna die<br />cause you know I wanna stay with you.<br />How do I know?<br />Maybe you're trying to use me;<br />flying too high can confuse me;<br />touch me but don't take me down.<br /><em>- - - The Young Rascals, "How Can I Be Sure?"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>How I wish<br />How I wish you were here.<br />We're just two lost souls,<br />Swimming in a fish bowl,<br />Year after year<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Running over the same old ground.<br />What have we found?<br />The same old fears<br />Wish you were here<br /><em>- - - Pink Floyd, "Wish You Were Here"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>How many times can a man turn his head,<br />and pretend that he just doesn't see?<br /><em>- - - Bob Dylan "Blowing in the Wind"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I come to you defenses down with the trust of a child.<br /><em>- - - Peter Gabriel "Red Rain"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I didn't mean to take up all your sweet time...<br />I'll give it right back to you, one of these days<br /><em>- - - Jimi Hendrix</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I don't believe in destiny or the guiding hand of fate<br />I don't believe in forever, or love as a mystical state<br />I don't believe in the stars or the planets<br />or angels watching from above<br />But I believe there's a ghost of a chance<br />we can find someone to love<br />and make it last.<br /><em>- - - Rush "Ghost Of A Chance"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>i like a tombstone, cuz it weathers well,<br />and if it stands or if it crumbles, only time will tell.<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>and you can carve my name in marble, you must cut it deep;<br />there'll be no dancing on the gravestone, you must let me sleep.<br /><em>---suzanne vega, "tombstone"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I met a girl who sang the blues<br />and I asked her for some happy news,<br />but she just smiled and turned away.<br />And the three men I admire most,<br />The Father, Son, and the Holy Ghost,<br />They caught the last train to the coast<br />The day the music died.<br /><em>- - - Don McLean, "American Pie"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I sing my heart out to the wide open spaces<br />I sing my heart out to the infinite sea<br />I sing my vision to the sky-high mountains<br />I sing my song to the free.<br /><em>- - - Pete Townshend "Song is Over"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I want to stand with you on a mountain<br />I want to bathe with you in the sea<br />I want to lay like this forever<br />Until the sky falls down on me<br /><em>- - -Savage Garden, "Truly Madly Deeply"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I woke up this morning,<br />Smiled at the rising sun,<br />Three little birds,<br />Sat on my doorstep,<br />Singing sweet songs<br /><em>- - -Bob Marley "Three Little Birds"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I'd rather laugh with the sinners than cry with the saints<br />Sinners are much more fun.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel, "Only the Good Die Young"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I'm going, I'm going, where the water tastes like wine,<br />We can jump in the water, stay drunk all the time<br /><em>- - -Canned Heat, "Going Up The Country"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I'm just a soul whose intentions are good,<br />Oh Lord, please don't let me be misunderstood.<br /><em>- - - Joe Cocker, "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I'm not scared of dyin' and I don't really care<br />if it's peace you find in dyin'<br />well then let the time be near.<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>And when I die<br />and when I'm gone<br />there'll be one child born<br />and a world to carry on.<br /><em>- - - Laura Nyro, "And When I Die"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I'm so afraid to love you, but more afraid to loose<br />Clinging to a past that doesn't let me choose<br />Once there was a darkness, deep and endless night<br />You gave me everything you had, oh you gave me light<br />And I will remember you<br />Will you remember me?<br />Don't let your life pass you by<br />Weep not for the memories<br /><em>- - - Sarah McLachlan, "I Will Remember You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I'm wild again,<br />Beguiled again,<br />A simpering, whimpering child again -<br />Bewitched, bothered and bewildered am I.<br /><em>- - -Lorenz Hart, "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I've been trying to get down to the heart of the matter<br />but my will gets weak<br />and my thoughts seem to scatter<br />but I think it's about forgiveness...<br />forgiveness,<br />even if you don't love me anymore.<br /><em>- - -Don Henly "Heart of The Matter"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>If I should stay<br />I would only be in your way<br />So I'll go, but I know<br />I'll think of you each step of the way<br />And I will always love you<br />I will always love you<br /><br />Bitter sweet Memories<br />That's all I am taking with me<br />Good-bye. Please don't cry<br />We both know that I'm not<br />What you need<br />But I will always love you<br />I will always love you.<br /><em>- - -Dolly Parton "I Will Always Love You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>If the future's looking dark<br />We're the ones who have to shine<br />If there's no one in control<br />We're the ones who draw the line<br />Though we live in trying times<br />We're the ones who have to try<br />Though we know that time has wings<br />We're the ones who have to fly.<br /><em>- - -Rush "Everyday Glory"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>If you said good-bye to me tonight,<br />There would still be music left to write.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel, "The Longest Time"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>If you want my body and you think I'm sexy<br />come on sugar let me know.<br /><em>- - -Rod Stewart, "Do Ya Think I'm Sexy"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>In every heart there is a room<br />A sanctuary safe and strong<br />To heal the wounds from lovers past<br />Until a new one comes along"<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel "And So It Goes"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>In the arms of an Angel far away from here<br />From this dark, cold hotel room, and the endlessness that you fear<br />You are pulled from the wreckage of your silent reverie<br />In the arms of an Angel; may you find some comfort here<br /><em>- - - Sarah MacLachlan "In the Arms of an Angel"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>In the clearing stands the boxer, and a fighter by his trade.<br />And he carries a reminder of every glove that laid him down...<br />or cut him till he cried out in his anger and his shame<br />"I am leaving! I am leaving" but the fighter still remains.<br /><em>- - - Paul Simon, "The Boxer"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>In the rain the pavement shines like silver<br />All the lights are misty in the river<br />In the darkness, the trees are full of starlight<br />And all I see is him and me forever and forever<br /><em>- - - "On My Own" from Les Miserables</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>in your eyes<br />the light the heat<br />in your eyes<br />I am complete<br />in your eyes<br />I see the doorway to a thousand churches<br />in your eyes<br />the resolution of all the fruitless searches<br />in your eyes<br />I see the light and the heat<br />in your eyes<br />oh, I want to be that complete<br />I want to touch the light,<br />the heat I see in your eyes<br /><em>- - - Peter Gabriel "In Your Eyes"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Is this the real life<br />Is this just fantasy<br />Caught in a landslide<br />No escape from reality<br />Open your eyes, look up to the skies and see<br />I'm just a poor boy, I need no sympathy<br />Because I'm easy come, easy go; little high, little low<br />anyway the wind blows doesn't really matter to me<br />To me<br /><em>- - -Queen, "Bohemian Rhapsody"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>It came upon the midnight clear,<br />That glorious song of old,<br />From angels bending near the earth<br />To touch their harps of gold:<br />"Peace on earth, good will to men<br />From Heaven's all - gracious King" -<br />The world in solemn stillness lay<br />To hear the angels sing.<br /><em>- - - Edmund Hamilton Sears, "The Angels' Song"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>It's the heart afraid of dying, that never learns to dance;<br />It's the dream afraid of waking, that never takes the chance;<br />It's the one who won't be taken, who cannot seem to give;<br />And the soul afraid of dying, that never learns to live.<br /><em>- - - Amanda McBroom, "The Rose"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I've looked at life from both sides now<br />From up and down, and still somehow<br />It's life's illusions I recall<br />I really don't know life at all.<br /><em>- - - Joni Mitchell "Both Sides Now"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>I've seen fire and I've seen rain<br />I've seen sunny days that I thought would never end<br />I've seen lonely times when I could not find a friend<br />But I always thought that I'd see you again<br /><em>- - - James Taylor "Fire and Rain"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>It was your song that made me sing<br />It was your song that gave me wings<br />It was your light that shined<br />guiding my heart to find<br />This place where I belong<br />It was your song<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Dreams can come true<br />With God's great angels like you<br /><em>- - -Garth Brooks "Your Song"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Joy to the world<br />All the boys and girls now<br />Joy to the fishes in the deep blue sea<br />Joy to you and me<br /><em>- - -Hoyt Axton, "Joy to the World"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Late at night a big ole house gets lonely,<br />I guess every form refuge has its price<br />And it breaks her heart to think her love is only<br />Given to a man with hands as cold as ice.<br /><em>- - - Eagles "Lyin' Eyes"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Life it seems, will fade away<br />Drifting further every day<br />Getting lost within myself<br />Nothing matters no one else<br />I have lost the will to live<br />Simply nothing more to give<br />There is nothing more for me<br />Need the end to set me free<br /><em>- - - Metallica "Fade to Black"</em><br /><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Like a circle in a spiral<br />Like a wheel within a wheel<br />Never ending or beginning<br />On an ever-spinning reel<br />As the images unwind<br />Like the circles that you find<br />In the windmills of your mind.<br /><em>- - - Michel LeGrand "Windmills of Your Mind"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Little drops of rain<br />Whisper of the pain<br />Tears of love<br />Lost in the days gone by.<br /><em>- - - Robert Plant, "Thank You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Love can touch us one time<br />And last for a lifetime<br />And never let go till we're gone<br /><em>- - - Celine Dion "My Heart Will Go On"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Love is a rose<br />But you better not pick it.<br />It only grows<br />When it's on the vine.<br />Handful of thorns<br />And you'll know you missed it.<br />You lose your love<br />When you say the word MINE.<br /><em>- - - Neil Young, "Love Is A Rose"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Lovin' you has made my life so beautiful<br />And every day of my life is filled with lovin' you<br />Lovin' you I see your soul come shining through<br />And every time that we ooooh I'm more in love with you<br /><em>- - -Minnie Riperton, "Lovin' You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Mama may have<br />Papa may have<br />But God bless the child that's got his own<br />That's got his own.<br /><em>- - - Arthur Herzog and Billie Holiday, "God Bless the Child"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Maybe I will never be<br />All the things that I'd like to be<br />Now is not the time to cry<br />Now's the time to find out why<br />I think you're the same as me<br />We see things they'll never see<br />You and I are gonna live forever<br /><em>- - - Oasis "Live Forever"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Memory. All alone in the moonlight<br />I can smile at the old days<br />I was beautiful then.<br /><em>- - - Trevor Nunn, "Cats"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>'Mid pleasures and palaces though we may roam,<br />Be it ever so humble, there's no place like home.<br /><em>- - - John Howard Payne, "Home, Sweet Home"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Moons and Junes and Ferris wheels<br />The dizzy dancing way you feel<br />As every fairy tale comes real<br />I've looked at love that way.<br /><em>- - - Joni Mitchell, "Both Sides Now"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Morning has broken<br />Like the first morning.<br />Blackbird has spoken<br />Like the first bird.<br /><em>- - - Eleanor Farjeon, "A Morning Song"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>My eyes adored ya<br />Though I never laid a hand on you<br />My eyes adored ya<br />Like a million miles away from me you couldn't see how I adored ya<br />So close, so close and yet so far<br /><em>- - -Frankie Valli, "My Eyes Adored You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>My life has been a tapestry of rich and royal hue.<br />An everlasting vision of the ever-changing view.<br /><em>- - - Carole King "Tapestry"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Nights in white satin never reaching the end<br />Letters I've written never meaning to send<br />Beauty I'd always missed with these eyes before<br />Just what the truth is I can't say any more<br />Cause I love you<br />Yes I love you<br />Oh how I love you<br /><em>- - - Justin Hayward, "Nights In White Satin"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Now some they do and some they don't<br />And some you just can't tell<br />And some they will and some they won't<br />With some it's just as well.<br /><em>- - - Supertramp, "Good-bye Stranger"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Oh Danny boy, the pipes, the pipes are calling<br />From glen to glen, and down the mountain side.<br />The summer's gone and all the flowers are dying<br />Yet you, yet you, must go and I must bide.<br /><em>- - - Traditional Song "Danny Boy"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Oh, the shark has pretty teeth, dear,<br />And he shows them pearly white.<br />Just a jackknife has Macheath, dear,<br />And he keeps them out of sight.<br /><em>- - -Kurt Weill, Bertolt Brecht, "Threepenny Opera"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Oh you are in my blood like holy wine<br />You taste so bitter and so sweet<br />Oh I could drink a case of you, darling<br />And I would still be on my feet<br />Oh I would still be on my feet.<br /><em>- - -Joni Mitchell, "A Case Of You" - Blue album</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Oh, no, it can't be teardrops<br />'Cause a man ain't supposed to cry.<br /><em>- - - Dee Clark</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Old black water, keep on rollin'<br />Mississippi moon won't you keep on shinin' on me?<br /><em>- - - Patrick Simmons, "Black Water"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>One look at love<br />and you may see<br />it weaves a web<br />over mystery,<br />all ravelled threads<br />can rend apart<br />for hope has a place in the lover's heart.<br />Hope has a place in a lover's heart.<br /><em>- - - Enya "Hope Has a Place"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Once a jolly swagman camped by a billabong,<br />Under the shade of a coolibar tree,<br />And he sang as he sat and waited for his billy-boil,<br />You'll come a-waltzing, Matilda, with me.<br /><em>- - - Andrew Barton "Banjo" Paterson, "Australia's National Song"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Para bailar la bamba<br />Para bailar la bamba<br />se necesita una poca de gracia<br />Una poca de gracia para mi para ti<br />y arriba y arriba,<br />y arriba y arriba<br />con ti sere<br />con ti sere, con ti sere.<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Yo no soy marinero<br />Yo no soy marinero,<br />soy capitan, soy capitan.<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Bamba, bamba, bamba, bamba<br />Bamba, bamba<br />Bamba<br /><em>- - -Los Lobos "La Bamba"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>People talking without speaking,<br />People hearing without listening,<br />People writing songs that voices never share,<br />and no one dare disturb the Sound of Silence.<br /><em>- - - Paul Simon, "Sounds of Silence"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>People, people who need people<br />Are the luckiest people in the world.<br /><em>- - - Bob Merrill, "People Who Need People"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Pink it was love at first sight<br />Pink when I turn out the light, and<br />Pink gets me high as a kite<br />And I think everything is going to be all right<br />No matter what we do tonight<br /><em>- - -Aerosmith, "Pink"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Place a name upon the night<br />One to set your heart alight<br />And to make the darkness bright<br />Paint the sky with stars.<br /><em>- - -Enya "Paint the Sky with Stars"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Quick to judge, quick to anger<br />Slow to understand<br />Ignorance and prejudice<br />And fear walk hand in hand<br /><em>- - -Rush "Witch Hunt"</em><br /><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>River gonna take me, Sing me sweet and sleepy,<br />Sing me sweet and sleepy all the way back home,<br />It's a far gone lullaby sung many years ago<br />Mama, Mama, many worlds I've come since I first left home<br /><em>- - -Robert Hunter (Grateful Dead) "Brokedown Palace"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Row, row, row your boat<br />Gently down the stream.<br />Merrily, merrily, merrily, merrily<br />Life is but a dream.<br /><em>- - - Traditional Song</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>She said the man in the gabardine suit was a spy.<br />I said, "Be careful, his bow tie is really a camera."<br /><em>- - - Simon & Garfunkel, "America"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>She's got a way about her,<br />And everywhere she goes,<br />a million dreams of love surround her,<br />everywhere.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel "She's Got a Way"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>See the stone set in your eyes<br />See the thorn twist in your side<br />I wait for you<br />Sleight of hand and twist of fate<br />On a bed of nails she makes me wait<br />And I wait . . . without you<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>With or without you<br />With or without you<br /><em>- - -U2, "With or Without You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>She wore blue velvet<br />Bluer than velvet was the night<br />Softer than satin was the light<br />From the stars<br />She wore blue velvet<br />Bluer than velvet were her eyes<br />Warmer than May her tender sighs<br /><em>- - -Bernie Wayne and Lee Morris, "Blue Velvet"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Should auld acquaintance be forgot,<br />And never brought to mind?<br />Should auld acquaintance be forgot,<br />And auld lang syne?<br /><em>- - - Robert Burns, "Auld Lang Syne"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Shower the people you love with love<br />Show them the way that you feel<br />Things are gonna work out fine if you only will.<br /><em>- - - James Taylor, "Shower the People"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Sing us a song you're the piano man.<br />Sing us a song tonight.<br />Cause we're all in the mood for a melody,<br />And you've got us feeling all right.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Sing with me, sing for the year<br />Sing for the laughter, sing for the tears<br />Sing with me, if it's just for today<br />Maybe tomorrow, the good lord will take you away<br /><em>- - - Aerosmith, "Dream On"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>So excuse me forgetting, but these things I do<br />You see I've forgotten, if they're green or they're blue<br />Anyway, the thing is, what I really mean<br />Yours are the sweetest eyes, I've ever seen.<br /><em>- - - Elton John / Bernie Taupin</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Someday when we meet up yonder<br />We'll stroll hand and hand again<br />In a land that knows no parting<br />Blue eyes crying in the rain.<br /><em>- - - Fred Rose, "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain" sung by Willie Nelson</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Somewhere over the rainbow<br />Bluebirds fly.<br />Birds fly over the rainbow -<br />Why then, oh why can't I?<br /><em>- - - E. Y. Harburg, "Over the Rainbow"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Stars shining bright above you<br />Night breezes seem to whisper, "I love you"<br />Birds singing in the sycamore tree<br />Dream a little dream of me<br /><em>- - -Gus Kahn, "Dream A Little Dream of Me"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Starry Starry night<br />Paint your palette blue and gray<br />Look out on a summer's day<br />With eyes that know the darkness in my soul<br />Shadows on the hills<br />Sketch the trees and the daffodils<br />Catch the breeze and the winter chills<br />In colors on the snowy linen land.<br /><em>- - - Don McLean "Vincent"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Summer breeze makes me feel fine<br />Blowing through the jasmine in my mind.<br /><em>- - - Seals & Crofts, "Summer Breeze"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Summers going fast<br />Nights growing colder<br />Children growing up<br />Old friends growing older<br /><br />Freeze this moment a little bit longer<br />Make each sensation a little bit stronger<br /><em>- - - Rush "Time Stand Still"</em><br /><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Summertime<br />And the livin' is easy,<br />Fish are jumpin', and the cotton is high.<br /><em>- - - Ira Gershwin, "Porgy and Bess"</em><br /><em>DuBose Heyward wrote the lyrics th "Summertime"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Thanks for the joy that you're givin' me<br />I want you to know I believe in your song<br />Rhythm and rhyme and harmony<br />You help me along, makin' me strong,<br />Give me the beat boys and free my soul<br />I wanna get lost in your rock n' roll<br />And drift away . . .<br /><em>- - - Dobie Gray "Drift Away"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>The hypocrites are slandering<br />The sacred halls of Truth<br />Ancient nobles showering<br />Their bitterness on youth<br />Can't we find<br />The minds that made us strong<br />Can't we learn<br />To feel what's right and wrong<br /><em>- - - Rush "A Farewell To Kings"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>The love you take is equal to the love you make.<br /><em>- - - The Beatles, "The End"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>The moon upon the ocean<br />is swept around in motion<br />but without ever knowing<br />the reason for its flowing<br />in motion on the ocean<br />the moon still keeps on moving<br />the waves still keep on waving<br />and I still keep on going<br /><em>- - - Enya "Anywhere Is"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>There are many here among us<br />who think life is but a joke<br />but you and I, we've been through that;<br />this is not our fate.<br />Let us not speak falsely now, the hour's getting late.<br /><em>- - - Bob Dylan, "All Along the Watchtower"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>There are places I'll remember<br />All my life though some have changed.<br />Some forever not for better<br />Some have gone and some remain.<br />All these places have their moments<br />With lovers and friends I still can recall.<br />Some are dead and some are living,<br />In my life I've loved them all.<br /><em>- - -Beatles "In My Life"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>There's beauty in the silver singing river<br />There's beauty in the sunrise in the sky<br />But none of these and nothing else can match the beauty<br />That I remember in my true love's eyes<br /><em>- - -Bob Dylan, "Tomorrow is a Long Time"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>They say that these are not the best of times,<br />But they're the only times I've ever known.<br />And I believe there is a time for meditation<br />in cathedrals of our own.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel, "Summer, Highland Falls"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Time it was<br />and what a time it was<br />it was...<br />a time of innocence<br />a time confidences<br />long ago it must be<br />I have a photograph<br />preserve your memories<br />its all that's left you.<br /><em>- - - Paul Simon / Art Garfunkel</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>To dream the impossible dream,<br />To reach the unreachable star!<br /><em>- - - Joe Darion</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Tonight you're mine completely<br />You give your love so sweetly<br />Tonight the light of love is in your eyes<br />But will you love me tomorrow?<br /><em>- - -Gerry Goffin and Carole King, "Will You Love Me Tomorrow?"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Unforgettable, that's what you are<br />Unforgettable though near or far<br />Like a song of love that clings to me<br />How the thought of you does things to me<br />Never before has someone been more<br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Unforgettable in every way<br />And forever more, that's how you'll stay<br />That's why, darling, it's incredible<br />That someone so unforgettable<br />Thinks that I am unforgettable too<br /><em>- - - Irving Gordon, "Unforgettable"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>What do you want me to do,<br />To watch for you,<br />To see you through?<br />A box of rain will ease the pain,<br />and love, will see you through.<br /><em>- - - Robert Hunter (Grateful Dead) "Box of Rain"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>What the world needs now is love, sweet love,<br />It's the only thing that there's just too little of.<br /><em>- - - Burt Bacharach / Hal David</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When a lovely flame dies,<br />Smoke gets in your eyes.<br /><em>- - - Otto Harbach</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When a man loves a woman<br />Can't keep his mind on nothing else<br />He'll trade the world<br />For the good thing he's found<br /><em>- - -Percy Sledge, "When a Man Loves a Woman"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When Israel was in Egypt land,<br />Let my people go,<br />Oppressed so hard they could not stand,<br />Let my people go.<br />Go down, Moses,<br />Way-down in Egypt land,<br />Tell old Pharaoh<br />To let my people go.<br /><em>- - - Negro Spiritual</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When it seems like the night will last forever,<br />And there's nothing left to do but count the years,<br />When the strings of my harp to sever,<br />And stones fall from my eyes instead of tears...<br />I will walk alone by the black muddy river,<br />And dream me a dream of my own,<br />I will walk alone by the black muddy river,<br />And sing me a song of my own.<br /><em>- - - Robert Hunter (Grateful Dead) "Black Muddy River"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When my soul was in the lost-and-found<br />You came along to claim it.<br /><em>- - - Carole King, "Tapestry"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When there's a shadow, you follow the sun.<br />When there is love, then you look for the one.<br />And for the promises, there is the sky.<br />And for the heavens are those who can fly.<br /><em>- - - Enya "Only If"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>When you're weary, feeling small<br />When tears are in your eyes, I'll dry them all<br />I'm on your side when times get rough<br />And friends just can't be found<br />Like a bridge over troubled water I will lay me down<br /><em>- - - Simon and Garfunkel. "Bridge Over Troubled Water"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>While we're living<br />The dreams we have as children<br />Fade away<br /><em>- - -Oasis, "Fade Away"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Winter, spring, summer or fall<br />All you have to do is call<br />And I'll be there,<br />You've got a friend.<br /><em>- - - James Taylor</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Yesterday all my troubles seemed so far away.<br />Now it looks as though they're here to stay.<br />Oh, I believe in yesterday.<br /><em>- - -The Beatles "Yesterday"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You can choose a ready guide<br />In some celestial voice.<br />If you choose not to decide<br />You still have made a choice.<br />You can choose from phantom fears<br />And kindness that can kill<br />I will choose a path that's clear<br />I will choose Freewill<br /><em>- - - Rush "Permanent Waves"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You can speak your mind<br />But not on my time.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel, "My Life"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You say you want, diamonds on a ring of gold<br />You say you want, your story to remain untold<br />All the promises we made<br />From the cradle to the grave<br />When all I want is you.<br /><em>- - - U2, "All I Want is You"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>Yesterday don't matter if it's gone.<br /><em>- - -Rolling Stones, "Ruby Tuesday"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You know a dream is like a river<br />Ever changing as it flows.<br />And a dreamer's just a vessel<br />That must follow where it goes.<br />Trying to learn from what's behind you<br />And never knowing what's in store<br />Makes each day a constant battle<br />Just to stay between the shores.<br /><em>- - - Garth Brooks, "The River"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You may be right<br />I may be crazy.<br />But it just may be a lunatic you're looking for.<br /><em>- - - Billy Joel, "You May Be Right"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You must remember this, a kiss is still a kiss,<br />A sigh is just a sigh;<br />The fundamental things apply,<br />As time goes by.<br /><em>- - - Herman Hupfeld, "As Time Goes By"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You're so vain.<br />I bet you think this song is about you.<br /><em>- - - Carly Simon, "You're So Vain"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You're the cutest thing that I ever did see<br />I really love your peaches, wanna shake your tree<br /><em>- - -Steve Miller, "The Joker"</em><br /><span></span><br /><span></span>You've got to get up every morning with a smile on your face<br />And show the world all the love in your heart<br />Then people gonna treat you better<br />You're gonna find, yes you will<br />That you're beautiful as you feel.<br /><em>- - - Carole King, "Beautiful"</em><br /><span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-74405165065427928322013-01-04T07:27:00.004-08:002013-01-04T07:27:54.826-08:00Soldering Information<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Here I discussed how to do soldering with Electrical Components these are necessary parts of Soldering. so now you can see this here. The terms are not written by me I copy that topics for learning from the http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com<br />
<br />
I hope this site also useful for you.<br />
<br />
<h2>
How to Solder</h2>
<h4>
First a few safety precautions:</h4>
<ul>
<li><b>Never touch the element or tip of the soldering iron.</b>
<br />They are very hot (about 400°C) and will give you a nasty burn.
</li>
<li><b>Take great care to avoid touching the mains flex with the tip of the iron.</b>
<br />The iron should have a heatproof flex for extra protection. An ordinary plastic
flex will melt immediately if touched by a hot iron and there is a serious
risk of burns and electric shock.
</li>
<li><b>Always return the soldering iron to its stand when not in use.</b>
<br />Never put it down on your workbench, even for a moment!
</li>
<li><b>Work in a well-ventilated area.</b>
<br />The smoke formed as you melt solder is mostly from the flux and quite irritating.
Avoid breathing it by keeping you head to the side of, not above, your work.
</li>
<li><b>Wash your hands after using solder.</b>
<br />Solder contains lead which is a poisonous metal. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<h4>
Preparing the soldering iron:</h4>
<ul>
<li><b>Place the soldering iron in its stand and plug in.</b>
<br />The iron will take a few minutes to
reach its operating temperature of about 400°C.
</li>
<li><b>Dampen the sponge in the stand.</b>
<br />The best way to do this is to lift it out the stand and hold it under a cold tap for
a moment, then squeeze to remove excess water. It should be damp, not dripping wet.
</li>
<li><b>Wait a few minutes for the soldering iron to warm up.</b>
<br />You can check if it is ready by trying to melt a little solder on the tip.
</li>
<li><b>Wipe the tip of the iron on the damp sponge.</b>
<br />This will clean the tip.
</li>
<li><b>Melt a little solder on the tip of the iron.</b>
<br />This is called 'tinning' and it will help the heat to flow from the iron's tip
to the joint. It only needs to be done when you plug in the iron, and occasionally
while soldering if you need to wipe the tip clean on the sponge.
</li>
</ul>
<h4>
You are now ready to start soldering:</h4>
<img align="right" alt="Good and bad soldered joints" border="0" height="214" hspace="5" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/joints.gif" vspace="5" width="364" />
<ul>
<li><b>Hold the soldering iron like a pen, near the base of the handle.</b>
<br />Imagine you are going to write your name! Remember to never touch the hot element or tip.
</li>
<li><b>Touch the soldering iron onto the joint to be made.</b>
<br />Make sure it touches both the component lead and the track. Hold the tip there
for a few seconds and...
</li>
<li><b>Feed a little solder onto the joint.</b>
<br />It should flow smoothly onto the lead and track to form a volcano shape as shown
in the diagram. Apply the solder to the joint, not the iron.
</li>
<li><b>Remove the solder, then the iron, while keeping the joint still.</b>
<br />Allow the joint a few seconds to cool before you move the circuit board.
</li>
<li><b>Inspect the joint closely.</b>
<br />It should look shiny and have a 'volcano' shape. If not, you will need to reheat it
and feed in a little more solder. This time ensure that <b>both</b> the lead and track
are heated fully before applying solder. </li>
</ul>
<h4>
Using a heat sink</h4>
Some components, such as transistors, can be damaged by heat when soldering so if you are
not an expert it is wise to use a heat sink clipped to the lead between the joint and the
component body. You can buy a special tool, but a standard crocodile clip works just as
well and is cheaper.<br />
<br />
<h2>
Soldering Advice for Components</h2>
It is very tempting to start soldering components onto the circuit board straight
away, but please take time to identify all the parts first.
You are much less likely to make a mistake if you do this!
<ol><img align="right" alt="Components stuck onto paper" border="0" height="178" hspace="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/paper.gif" vspace="20" width="160" />
<li><b>Stick all the components onto a sheet of paper using sticky tape.</b>
</li>
<li><b>Identify each component</b> and write its name or value beside it.
</li>
<li><b>Add the code (R1, R2, C1 etc.) if necessary.</b>
<br />Many projects from books and magazines label the components with codes
(R1, R2, C1, D1 etc.) and you should use the project's parts list to find
these codes if they are given.
</li>
<li><b>Resistor values</b> can be found using the resistor colour code
which is explained on our <a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/resist.htm">Resistors</a> page.
You can print out and make your own <a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/rescal.htm">Resistor Colour Code Calculator</a>
to help you.
</li>
<li><b>Capacitor values</b> can be difficult to find because there are
many types with different labelling systems! The various systems are
explained on our <a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm">Capacitors</a> page.
<br clear="all" />
</li>
</ol>
Some components require special care when soldering. Many must be placed the
correct way round and a few are easily damaged by the heat from soldering.
Appropriate warnings are given in the table below, together with other advice
which may be useful when soldering.
For more detail on specific components please see the
<a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/compon.htm">Components</a> page or click on the component name in the table.
<br />
For most projects it is best to put the components onto the board in the order given below:
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" cols="4" style="height: 100%px; width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td>
</td><td><big><center>
<b>Components</b></center>
</big>
</td><td><big><center>
<b>Pictures</b></center>
</big>
</td><td><big><center>
<b>Reminders and Warnings</b></center>
</big>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
1</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/ic.htm"><b>IC Holders</b></a><br />(DIL sockets)
</td><td><center>
<img alt="IC holder" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/holder.gif" width="66" /></center>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round</b>
by making sure the notch is at the correct end.
<br />Do NOT put the ICs (chips) in yet.
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
2</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/resist.htm"><b>Resistors</b></a>
</td><td><center>
<img alt="resistor" border="0" height="24" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/1k.gif" width="128" /></center>
</td><td>No special precautions are needed with resistors.
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
3</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm"><b>Small value capacitors</b></a><br />(usually less than 1µF)
</td><td><center>
<img alt="small value capacitors" border="0" height="78" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/capsm.gif" width="186" /></center>
</td><td>These may be connected either way round.
<br /><span style="color: red;"><small>Take care with polystyrene capacitors because they are
easily damaged by heat.</small></span>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
4</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm"><b>Electrolytic capacitors</b></a><br />(1µF and greater)
</td><td><center>
<img alt="electrolytic capacitor" border="0" height="34" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/220uf.gif" width="114" /></center>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round.</b>
They will be marked with a + or - near one lead.
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
5</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm"><b>Diodes</b></a>
</td><td><center>
<img alt="diodes" border="0" height="36" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/diodes.gif" width="152" /></center>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round.</b>
<br /><span style="color: red;"><small>Take care with germanium diodes (e.g. OA91) because they are
easily damaged by heat.</small></span>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
6</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/led.htm"><b>LEDs</b></a>
</td><td><center>
<img alt="LED" border="0" height="53" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/ledak.gif" width="112" /></center>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round.</b>
<br />The diagram may be labelled <b>a</b> or <b>+</b> for anode and <b>k</b> or <b>-</b> for cathode;
yes, it really is k, not c, for cathode! The cathode is the short lead and there may
be a slight flat on the body of round LEDs.
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
7</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm"><b>Transistors</b></a>
</td><td><center>
<img alt="transistors" border="0" height="98" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/trans.gif" width="98" /></center>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round.</b>
<br />Transistors have 3 'legs' (leads) so extra care is needed to ensure the
connections are correct.
<br /><span style="color: red;">Easily damaged by heat.</span>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
8</center>
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/connect.htm"><b>Wire Links</b></a> between points on the circuit board.
</td><td><center>
<img alt="single core wire" border="0" height="21" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/single.gif" width="150" /></center>
<center>
single core wire</center>
</td><td>Use single core wire, this is one solid wire which is plastic-coated.
<br /><small>If there is no danger of touching other parts you can use tinned copper wire,
this has no plastic coating and looks just like solder but it is stiffer.</small>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td><center>
9</center>
</td><td><b><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/connect.htm">Battery clips</a></b>,
<b>buzzers</b> and other parts with their own wires
</td><td>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round.</b>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td>10
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/connect.htm"><b>Wires</b></a> to parts off the circuit board,
including <a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm"><b>switches</b></a>,
<a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/relay.htm"><b>relays</b></a>,
<a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/vres.htm"><b>variable resistors</b></a>
and <b>loudspeakers</b>.
</td><td><center>
<img alt="stranded wire" border="0" height="21" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/strand.gif" width="150" /></center>
<center>
stranded wire</center>
</td><td>You should use stranded wire which is flexible and plastic-coated.
<br /><small>Do not use single core wire because this will break when it is
repeatedly flexed.</small>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td>11
</td><td><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/ic.htm"><b>ICs (chips)</b></a>
</td><td><center>
<img alt="555 timer IC" border="0" height="50" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/555.gif" width="64" /></center>
</td><td><b>Connect the correct way round.</b>
<br /><span style="color: red;"><b>Many ICs are static sensitive.</b>
<br />Leave ICs in their antistatic packaging until you need them, then earth your hands
by touching a metal water pipe or window frame before touching the ICs.</span>
<br /><b>Carefully insert ICs in their holders</b>: make sure all the pins are lined up with
the socket then push down firmly with your thumb.
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/solder.htm#top"></a><br />
<br />
<h2>
What is solder?</h2>
<table align="right">
<tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><img border="0" height="158" hspace="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/photos/rapid/solder.jpg" width="160" /></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center">Reels of solder<br /><small>Photograph © <a href="http://www.rapidonline.com/">Rapid Electronics</a></small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Solder is an alloy (mixture) of tin and lead, typically 60% tin and 40% lead.
It melts at a temperature of about 200°C.
Coating a surface with solder is called 'tinning' because of the tin content of solder.
Lead is poisonous and you should always wash your hands after using solder.
Solder for electronics use contains tiny cores of flux, like the wires inside a mains flex.
The flux is corrosive, like an acid, and it cleans the metal surfaces as the solder melts.
This is why you must melt the solder actually on the joint, not on the iron tip. Without
flux most joints would fail because metals quickly oxidise and the solder itself will not
flow properly onto a dirty, oxidised, metal surface.
<br />
The best size of solder for electronics is 22swg (swg = standard wire gauge).<br />
<br />
<h2>
Desoldering</h2>
At some stage you will probably need to desolder a joint to remove or re-position a
wire or component. There are two ways to remove the solder:
<table align="right">
<tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><img border="0" height="240" hspace="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/photos/desolder.jpg" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><small>Using a desoldering pump (solder sucker)</small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>1. With a desoldering pump (solder sucker)</b>
<ul>
<li>Set the pump by pushing the spring-loaded plunger down until it locks.
</li>
<li>Apply both the pump nozzle and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.
</li>
<li>Wait a second or two for the solder to melt.
</li>
<li>Then press the button on the pump to release the plunger and suck the
molten solder into the tool.
</li>
<li>Repeat if necessary to remove as much solder as possible.
</li>
<li>The pump will need emptying occasionally by unscrewing the nozzle.
</li>
</ul>
<br clear="all" />
<table align="right">
<tbody>
<tr><td align="center"><img border="0" height="104" hspace="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/photos/rapid/wick.jpg" width="147" /></td></tr>
<tr><td align="center"><small>Solder remover wick<br />Photograph © <a href="http://www.rapidonline.com/">Rapid Electronics</a></small></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>2. With solder remover wick (copper braid)</b>
<ul>
<li>Apply both the end of the wick and the tip of your soldering iron to the joint.
</li>
<li>As the solder melts most of it will flow onto the wick, away from the joint.
</li>
<li>Remove the wick first, then the soldering iron.
</li>
<li>Cut off and discard the end of the wick coated with solder.
</li>
</ul>
<br clear="all" />
After removing most of the solder from the joint(s) you may be able to remove the
wire or component lead straight away (allow a few seconds for it to cool).
If the joint will not come apart easily apply your soldering iron to melt the
remaining traces of solder at the same time as pulling the joint apart, taking
care to avoid burning yourself.<br />
<br />
<h2>
<span style="color: green;">First Aid for Burns</span></h2>
Most burns from soldering are likely to be minor and treatment is simple:
<ul>
<li><span style="color: green;"><b>Immediately cool the affected area under gently running cold water.</b></span>
<br />Keep the burn in the cold water for at least 5 minutes (15 minutes is recommended).
If ice is readily available this can be helpful too, but do not delay the initial
cooling with cold water.
</li>
<li><span style="color: green;"><b>Do not apply any creams or ointments.</b></span>
<br />The burn will heal better without them. A dry dressing, such as a clean handkerchief,
may be applied if you wish to protect the area from dirt.
</li>
<li><span style="color: green;"><b>Seek medical attention if the burn covers an area bigger than your hand.</b></span>
</li>
</ul>
To reduce the risk of burns:
<ul>
<li>Always return your soldering iron to its stand immediately after use.
</li>
<li>Allow joints and components a minute or so to cool down before you touch them.
</li>
<li>Never touch the element or tip of a soldering iron unless you are certain it is cold.
</li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
</div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-31808239267379612172013-01-04T07:08:00.004-08:002013-01-04T07:08:59.162-08:00Electronics Symbols<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
For Electrical and Electronics Engineering or other polytechnic students which are related to the Electronics field or want to make PCB etc. the symbol are very necessary for it. So If you want to get knowledge about the symbols of electronics Circuits so please read below all of the symbols.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="wires"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Wires and connections</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Wire</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="wire symbol" border="0" height="2" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/wire.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>To pass current very easily from one part of a circuit to another.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Wires joined</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="wires joined symbol" border="0" height="73" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/wirejo.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A 'blob' should be drawn where wires are connected (joined), but it is sometimes omitted.
Wires connected at 'crossroads' should be staggered slightly to form two T-junctions,
as shown on the right.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Wires not joined</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="wires crossing but not joined symbol" border="0" height="73" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/wirenj.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>In complex diagrams it is often necessary to draw wires crossing even though they are not
connected. I prefer the 'bridge' symbol shown on the right because the simple crossing on
the left may be misread as a join where you have forgotten to add a 'blob'!</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="powersupplies"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Power Supplies</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Cell</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="cell symbol" border="0" height="57" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/cell.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>Supplies electrical energy.<br />The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).
<br /><small>A single cell is often called a battery, but strictly a battery
is two or more cells joined together.</small></td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Battery</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="battery symbol" border="0" height="57" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/battry.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>Supplies electrical energy. A battery is more than one cell.<br />The larger terminal (on the left) is positive (+).</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">DC supply</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="DC power supply symbol" border="0" height="27" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/dcsup.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>Supplies electrical energy.<br />DC = Direct Current, always flowing in one direction.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">AC supply</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="AC power supply symbol" border="0" height="11" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/acsup.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>Supplies electrical energy.<br />AC = Alternating Current, continually changing direction.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Fuse</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="fuse symbol" border="0" height="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/fuse.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A safety device which will 'blow' (melt) if the current flowing through it exceeds a specified value.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/powersup.htm#transformer">Transformer</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="transformer symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/transfor.gif" width="154" /></td>
<td>Two coils of wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up
(increase) and step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between
the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is no electrical
connection between the coils.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Earth<br />(Ground)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="earth symbol" border="0" height="46" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/earth.gif" width="46" /></td>
<td>A connection to earth. For many electronic circuits this is the 0V (zero volts)
of the power supply, but for mains electricity and some radio circuits it really
means the earth. It is also known as ground.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="output"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Output Devices: Lamps, Heater, Motor, etc.</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/lamp.htm">Lamp (lighting)</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="lamp (lighting) symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/lamplt.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to light.
This symbol is used for a lamp providing illumination, for example a car headlamp or torch bulb.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/lamp.htm">Lamp (indicator)</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="lamp (indicator) symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/lampin.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to light.
This symbol is used for a lamp which is an indicator, for example a warning light on a car dashboard.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Heater</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="heater symbol" border="0" height="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/heater.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to heat.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Motor</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="motor symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/motor.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to kinetic energy (motion).</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Bell</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="bell symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/bell.gif" width="56" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/other.htm#buzzer">Buzzer</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="buzzer symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/buzzer.gif" width="54" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/other.htm#inductor">Inductor<br />(Coil, Solenoid)</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="inductor symbol" border="0" height="15" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/inductor.gif" width="164" /></td>
<td>A coil of wire which creates a magnetic field when current passes through it.
It may have an iron core inside the coil. It can be used as a transducer
converting electrical energy to mechanical energy by pulling on something.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="switches"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Switches</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm">Push Switch</a><br />(push-to-make)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="push-to-make switch symbol" border="0" height="28" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/swpush.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>A push switch allows current to flow only when the button is pressed. This is the
switch used to operate a doorbell.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm">Push-to-Break Switch</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="push-to-break switch symbol" border="0" height="11" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/swpbrk.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>This type of push switch is normally closed (on), it is open (off) only when
the button is pressed.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm">On-Off Switch</a><br />(SPST)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="SPST on-off switch symbol" border="0" height="24" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/swspst.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>SPST = Single Pole, Single Throw.<br />
An on-off switch allows current to flow only when it is in the closed (on) position.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm">2-way Switch</a><br />(SPDT)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="SPDT switch symbol" border="0" height="47" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/swspdt.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>SPDT = Single Pole, Double Throw.<br />
A 2-way changeover switch directs the flow of current to one of two routes according to its position.
Some SPDT switches have a central off position and are described as 'on-off-on'.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm">Dual On-Off Switch</a><br />(DPST)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="DPST switch symbol" border="0" height="60" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/swdpst.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>DPST = Double Pole, Single Throw.<br />
A dual on-off switch which is often used to switch mains electricity because it can
isolate both the live and neutral connections.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/switch.htm">Reversing Switch</a><br />(DPDT)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="DPDT switch symbol" border="0" height="119" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/swdpdt.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>DPDT = Double Pole, Double Throw.<br />
This switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor.
Some DPDT switches have a central off position.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/relay.htm">Relay</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="relay symbol" border="0" height="91" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/relay.gif" width="204" /></td>
<td>An electrically operated switch, for example a 9V battery circuit connected to the
coil can switch a 230V AC mains circuit.<br />
<small>NO = Normally Open, COM = Common, NC = Normally Closed.</small>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="resistors"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Resistors</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/resist.htm">Resistor</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="resistor symbol" border="0" height="20" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/res.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A resistor restricts the flow of current,
for example to limit the current passing through an LED.
A resistor is used with a capacitor in a timing circuit.
<br /><small>Some publications still use the old resistor symbol: </small>
<img alt="old zig-zag resistor symbol" border="0" height="14" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/images/zigzag.gif" width="56" /></td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/vres.htm">Variable Resistor<br />(Rheostat)</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="rheostat symbol" border="0" height="50" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/vres2.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>This type of variable resistor with 2 contacts (a rheostat) is usually used to control current.
Examples include: adjusting lamp brightness, adjusting motor speed, and
adjusting the rate of flow of charge into a capacitor in a timing circuit.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/vres.htm">Variable Resistor<br />(Potentiometer)</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="potentiometer symbol" border="0" height="46" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/vres3.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>This type of variable resistor with 3 contacts (a potentiometer) is usually used to control voltage.
It can be used like this as a transducer converting position (angle of the control spindle) to an electrical signal.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/vres.htm">Variable Resistor<br />(Preset)</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="preset symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/preset.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>This type of variable resistor (a preset) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool.
It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.
Presets are cheaper than normal variable resistors so they are often used in projects to reduce the cost.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="capacitors"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Capacitors</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm">Capacitor</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="capacitor symbol" border="0" height="57" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/cap.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A capacitor stores electric charge.
A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm">Capacitor, polarised</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="polarised capacitor symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/capele.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A capacitor stores electric charge. This type must be connected the correct way round.
A capacitor is used with a resistor in a timing circuit.
It can also be used as a filter, to block DC signals but pass AC signals.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm">Variable Capacitor</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="variable capacitor symbol" border="0" height="57" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/capvar.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A variable capacitor is used in a radio tuner.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/capac.htm">Trimmer Capacitor</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="trimmer capacitor symbol" border="0" height="57" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/captrim.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>This type of variable capacitor (a trimmer) is operated with a small screwdriver or similar tool.
It is designed to be set when the circuit is made and then left without further adjustment.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="diodes"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Diodes</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm">Diode</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="diode symbol" border="0" height="38" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/diode.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A device which only allows current to flow in one direction.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/led.htm">LED<br /><small>Light Emitting Diode</small></a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="LED symbol" border="0" height="49" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/led.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to light.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm#zener">Zener Diode</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="zener diode symbol" border="0" height="39" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/zener.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A special diode which is used to maintain a fixed voltage across its terminals.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Photodiode</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="photodiode symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/photodi.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A light-sensitive diode.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="transistors"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Transistors</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm">Transistor NPN</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NPN transistor symbol" border="0" height="91" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/trnpn.gif" width="90" /></td>
<td>A transistor amplifies current.
It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/tran.htm">Transistor PNP</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="PNP transistor symbol" border="0" height="91" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/trpnp.gif" width="90" /></td>
<td>A transistor amplifies current.
It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Phototransistor</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="Phototransistor symbol" border="0" height="91" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/phototr.gif" width="90" /></td>
<td>A light-sensitive transistor.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="audio"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Audio and Radio Devices</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Microphone</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="microphone symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/mic.gif" width="84" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts sound to electrical energy.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Earphone</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="earphone symbol" border="0" height="73" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/ear.gif" width="62" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/other.htm#loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="loudspeaker symbol" border="0" height="94" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/loudsp.gif" width="74" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/other.htm#piezo">Piezo Transducer</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="piezo transducer symbol" border="0" height="64" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/piezo.gif" width="58" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts electrical energy to sound.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Amplifier<br /><small>(general symbol)</small></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="amplifier symbol" border="0" height="78" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/amp.gif" width="140" /></td>
<td>An amplifier circuit with one input. Really it is a block diagram symbol
because it represents a circuit rather than just one component.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center">Aerial<br />(Antenna)</td>
<td align="center"><img alt="aerial symbol" border="0" height="73" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/aerial.gif" width="38" /></td>
<td>A device which is designed to receive or transmit radio signals.
It is also known as an antenna.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="meters"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Meters and Oscilloscope</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/meters.htm#voltmeters">Voltmeter</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="voltmeter symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/voltm.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A voltmeter is used to measure voltage.
<br /><small>The proper name for voltage is 'potential difference', but most people prefer to say voltage!</small></td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/meters.htm#ammeters">Ammeter</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="ammeter symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/ammetr.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>An ammeter is used to measure current.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/meters.htm#galvanometers">Galvanometer</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="galvanometer symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/galvanom.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A galvanometer is a very sensitive meter which is used to measure tiny currents,
usually 1mA or less.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/meters.htm#ohmmeters">Ohmmeter</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="ohmmeter symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/ohmmeter.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>An ohmmeter is used to measure resistance. Most multimeters have an ohmmeter setting.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/cro.htm">Oscilloscope</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="oscilloscope symbol" border="0" height="56" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/cro.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>An oscilloscope is used to display the shape of electrical signals and it can be
used to measure their voltage and time period.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="sensors"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="3" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="3"><h3>
Sensors (input devices)</h3>
</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b> Component </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b> Circuit Symbol </b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Component</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/other.htm#ldr">LDR</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="LDR symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/ldr.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts brightness (light) to resistance (an electrical property).
<br />LDR = Light Dependent Resistor</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/other.htm#thermistor">Thermistor</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="thermistor symbol" border="0" height="38" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/therm.gif" width="182" /></td>
<td>A transducer which converts temperature (heat) to resistance (an electrical property).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1953312354114238340" name="logicgates"></a>
<table align="center" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="1" cols="4" style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="#ffffcc" colspan="4"><h3>
Logic Gates</h3>
Logic gates process signals which represent <b>true</b> (1, high, +Vs, on) or <b>false</b> (0, low, 0V, off).
<br />For more information please see the <a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm">Logic Gates</a> page.
<br />There are two sets of symbols: traditional and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><big><b>Gate Type</b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Traditional Symbol</b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>IEC Symbol</b></big></td>
<td align="center"><big><b>Function of Gate</b></big></td>
</tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#not">NOT</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NOT gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/not.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NOT gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/notiec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>A NOT gate can only have one input. The 'o' on the output means 'not'. The output of a NOT gate is the inverse
(opposite) of its input, so the output is true when the input is false. A NOT gate is also called an inverter.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#and">AND</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="AND gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/and.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="AND gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/andiec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>An AND gate can have two or more inputs.
The output of an AND gate is true when all its inputs are true.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#nand">NAND</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NAND gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/nand.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NAND gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/nandiec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>A NAND gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a
<u>N</u>ot <u>AND</u> gate. The output of a NAND gate is true unless all its inputs are true.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#or">OR</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="OR gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/or.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="OR gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/oriec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>An OR gate can have two or more inputs.
The output of an OR gate is true when at least one of its inputs is true.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#nor">NOR</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NOR gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/nor.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="NOR gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/noriec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>A NOR gate can have two or more inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a
<u>N</u>ot <u>OR</u> gate. The output of a NOR gate is true when none of its inputs are true.</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#exor">EX-OR</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="EX-OR gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/exor.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="EX-OR gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/exoriec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>An EX-OR gate can only have two inputs.
The output of an EX-OR gate is true when its inputs are different (one true, one false).</td></tr>
<tr> <td align="center"><a href="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/gates.htm#exnor">EX-NOR</a></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="EX-NOR gate traditional symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/exnor.gif" width="136" /></td>
<td align="center"><img alt="EX-NOR gate IEC symbol" border="0" height="74" src="http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/symbols/exnoriec.gif" width="128" /></td>
<td>An EX-NOR gate can only have two inputs. The 'o' on the output means 'not' showing that it is a <u>N</u>ot
<u>EX-OR</u> gate. The output of an EX-NOR gate is true when its inputs are the same (both true or both false).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1953312354114238340.post-72364739540754068962013-01-04T02:14:00.001-08:002013-01-04T02:14:38.402-08:00Garib Kisan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h5 class="uiStreamMessage userContentWrapper" data-ft="{"type":1,"tn":"K"}">
<span class="messageBody" data-ft="{"type":3}"><span class="userContent">Ek garib kishan ka beta jail me<br /> the. . . .<br /> us budhe kisan ne apne bete ko jail<br /> me khat<br /> likha-<br /><span class="text_exposed_show"> "beta me aalu ki fasal nahi bo sakta,<br /> Itna bada khet mujse nahi khudega<br /> kash tu meri madad kr pata."<br /> .<br /> .<br /> Bete ne wapas jawab diya -<br /> "papa aap khet mat khodna,<br /> mene waha hathiyar chhupa rakhe<br /> hai !!!<br /> .<br /> Agle din police force ne sara khet<br /> khod diya<br /> par hathiyar nahi mila...<br /> .<br /> Bete ne fir baap ko likha-<br /> papa yaha se me itni hi madad kr<br /> pauga,<br /> Aap ab aalu uga dijiye.. :)</span></span></span></h5>
</div>
Manu Kaushikhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07416274373780192789noreply@blogger.com0